Management Accounting Projected Revenues and Expenses

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Projected Revenues and Expenses. Answer: Participative Budgeting Process: The budget can be defined as the estimation of projected revenues and expenses, related to the future activities of an organization, department or project. Successful implementation of budget depends greatly on the process of budgeting. It has been observed that the budgets, which has been implemented successfully and proved to be more accurate, are mostly prepared in parts by the respective departmental heads, rather than the budgets, imposed on the different departments by the higher management. This process of budgeting is referred as participative budgeting process (Heinle et al. 2014). Benefits of Participative Budgeting Process: Participative budgeting process can provide various operational behavioral benefits to the organization. The benefits are discussed below: Operational Benefits: Increase in Productivity: As the managers and the selected departmental personnel use to prepare their own department budget, the department becomes more conscious to maintain the budget. They use to work more to achieve the target, set by themselves. Thus it helps to increase the productivity of the staffs. Reduced Costs: The supervision and control over the cost become lesser. The departmental heads use control the expense level personally so that the budgeted costs are maintained properly. It causes reduction in overall cost of the organization (Derfuss 2015). Behavioral Benefits: Job Satisfaction: When the employees suggestions and recommendations are considered for budgeting, it creates psychological impact on the employees and increases their job satisfaction level. Motivation:- Higher level of job satisfaction, in turn, uses to motivate the employees more. Especially, if the employees or the departments are rewarded for maintaining the budget properly, the employees feel more motivated by such budgeting process (Bryer 2014). Deficiencies in Rileys Participative Policy: It has been observed that the participative policy, described in the case, has few deficiencies. Those deficiencies are discussed below:- Projected expense limit are fixed upto an extent. Government projects are included in the departmental budgets. Projected outcomes of the departments are not included in the budget. There is no additional motivational factor introduced for the employees to maintain the budget. Recommendation for Proper Budgeting Process: The above-mentioned deficiencies can be removed by adopting the following measures: The expenditure limits should be more flexible, instead of limiting it within the appropriation target. Departmental managers may have some innovative plans, which may require extra funding. In that case, if the budgeted expenses are made fixed within a certain level, then such plans cannot be executed (Macinati and Rizzo 2014). The final budget is prepared by cutting some of the primary budget for contingency fund, whereas, the expenses for Government projects within the budget are kept intact. It will reduce the amount of other necessary expenditure at higher proportion. Therefore, there should be separate budget for the government projects. The budget includes both the inputs and outputs. In this budget, only the inputs are highlighted. The output of each department should also be measured in the budgets. Then only the performances of the departments can be evaluated properly. There should be some reward system for maintaining the budget properly. The departmental managers and the employees will be more motivated then to increase their efficiencies. Reference List: Bryer, A.R. 2014, "Participation in budgeting: A critical anthropological approach",Accounting, Organizations and Society,vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 511-530 Derfuss, K. 2015, "Relating Context Variables to Participative Budgeting and Evaluative Use of Performance Measures: A Meta-analysis: Relating Context and Budgeting Variables",Abacus,vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 238-278 Heinle, M.S., Ross, N. Saouma, R.E. 2014, "A Theory of Participative Budgeting",The Accounting Review,vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 1025-1050 Macinati, M.S. Rizzo, M.G. 2014, "Budget goal commitment, clinical managers' use of budget information and performance",Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands),vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 228-238

Oasis free essay sample

In January, as I listened to lead singer NoelGallagher on the radio I could tell I was in for a good evening. He wasbelting All Around the World live over the local radiostation. Traffic on the Washington, D.C. beltway was backed up witheager business people on their way home. When we finally got to GeorgeMason University in Fairfax, Virginia, my thoughts were confirmed. Notonly was the parking lot packed, the stadium was also extremely crowded.Even though we arrived early, we still had to sit fairly high but at agood viewing distance. The opening band, Cornershop, was good.They seemed a little tense at first, but soon loosened up. They beganwith a few songs from their first album, When I Was Born For TheFirst Time. The crowd was excited to hear the familiarBrimful of Asha and quickly sang along. Cornershopsperformance was short, lasting 30 minutes, but the crowd was anxious forthe main event. We will write a custom essay sample on Oasis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After being warned many times not to throw thingsat the stage during Oasis performance, the crowd began to settle down.Just as things were calm, Noel Gallagher strolled onto the stage withOasis behind him. The bandmates took their respective positions andkicked off their American tour. Their first set was a mix of songs fromtheir three albums: Definitely Maybe, (Whats TheStory) Morning Glory? and their latest, Be HereNow. About three-quarters through their show, Oasis leftthe stage and only Noel returned. He sat on a stool center stage withhis acoustic guitar, and sang a few songs including Dont GoAway. People got out their lighters and began to sway. Everyonewas singing along. When Noel finished his set, his bandmatesreturned and they played the rest of their show. The audience was sad tosee the night come to a close. The crowd wanted an encore so badly thatwe clapped for ten continous minutes. Finally, the band returned, a bitsurprised over the persistence of the audience. Liam Gallagher,tambourine in hand, began singing, Be Here Now. It was agreat way to end the show. I had a wonderful time and would recommend toanyone who has the chance, go see this revolutionary band.

Tips to Write Essays - Find the Right Essay Topics

Tips to Write Essays - Find the Right Essay TopicsIf you're one of those college students who has a stressful day on campus and needs to write essays, then it's easy to find yourself wandering around for hours trying to find the right essay topics to fit the given situation. However, many students do not realize that writing an essay is not as simple as one can imagine.In reality, your essay will be more difficult and stressful than you thought it would be because of your environment and the easiest time to get stuck is at the beginning. By using these tips, you can prepare yourself and avoid such situations.One of the most obvious way to help you come up with topics is to consider what kind of personality you have. This can also help you remember things that you will have to write about. Do you enjoy writing? Do you find it easy to write?Furthermore, remember that the essay will be your major part of the course. It is always important to think about the topics that you will have to write about because this will keep you focused. This is also a good time to practice how to organize and format your thoughts in a logical manner.Although you may have a detailed plan about what you need to write about, it is vital that you must first identify the subject matter. How will you be able to figure out the topic if you're not sure about the topic?A good idea is to choose a topic and read a lot about it. For example, you can ask your friends or other students for their opinion. You may also consider reading the newspaper.Even though a term paper is a great experience, it is important to remember that it's also an assignment. You can't make yourself so stressed out that you would not be able to write. Remember that you can write better if you know the topic and have the right attitude towards it.

Everything You Need to Know About Sandstone

Everything You Need to Know About Sandstone Sandstone, simply put, is sand cemented together into rock - this is easy to tell just by looking closely at a specimen. But beyond that simple definition lies an interesting makeup of sediment, matrix,  and cement that can (with investigation) reveal a great deal of valuable geologic information. Sandstone Basics Sandstone is a type of rock made from sediment - a sedimentary rock. The sediment particles are clasts, or pieces, of minerals and fragments of rock, thus sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock. It is composed mostly of sand  particles, which are of medium size; therefore, sandstone is a medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock. More precisely, sand is between 1/16 millimeter and 2 mm in size (silt is finer and gravel is coarser). The sand grains that makeup sandstone are aptly referred to as framework grains. Sandstone may include finer and coarser material and still be called sandstone, but if it includes more than 30 percent grains of gravel, cobble or boulder size its classified instead as conglomerate or breccia (together these are called rudites). Sandstone has two different kinds of material in it besides the sediment particles: matrix and cement. Matrix is the fine-grained stuff (silt and clay size) that was in the sediment along with the sand whereas cement is the mineral matter, introduced later, that binds the sediment into rock. Sandstone with a lot of matrix is called poorly sorted. If matrix amounts to more than 10 percent of the rock, it is called a wacke (wacky). A well-sorted sandstone (little matrix) with little cement is called an arenite. Another way to look at it is that wacke is dirty and arenite is clean. You may notice that none of this discussion mentions any particular minerals, just a certain particle size. But in fact, minerals make up an important part of sandstones geologic story. Minerals of Sandstone Sandstone is formally defined strictly by particle size, but rocks made of carbonate minerals dont qualify as sandstone. Carbonate rocks are called limestone and given a whole separate classification, so sandstone really signifies a silicate-rich rock. (A medium-grained clastic carbonate rock, or limestone sandstone, is called calcarenite.) This division makes sense because limestone is made in clean ocean water, whereas silicate rocks are made from sediment eroded off the continents. Mature continental sediment consists of a handful of surface minerals, and sandstone, therefore, is usually almost all quartz. Other minerals- clays, hematite, ilmenite, feldspar, amphibole, and mica- and small rock fragments (lithics) as well as organic carbon (bitumen) add color and character to the clastic fraction or the matrix. A sandstone with at least 25 percent feldspar is called arkose. A sandstone made of volcanic particles is called tuff.​ The cement in sandstone is usually one of three materials: silica (chemically the same as quartz), calcium carbonate or iron oxide. These may infiltrate the matrix and bind it together, or they may fill the spaces where there is no matrix. Depending on the mix of matrix and cement, sandstone may have a wide range of color from nearly white to nearly black, with gray, brown, red, pink and buff in between. How Sandstone Forms Sandstone forms where sand is laid down and buried. Usually, this happens offshore from river deltas, but desert dunes and beaches can leave sandstone beds in the geologic record too. The famous red rocks of the Grand Canyon, for instance, formed in a desert setting. Fossils can be found in sandstone, although the energetic environments where sand beds form dont always favor preservation. Grand Canyon National Park. Dean Fikar / Getty Images   When sand is deeply buried, the pressure of burial and slightly higher temperatures allow minerals to dissolve or deform and become mobile. The grains become more tightly knit together, and the sediments are squeezed into a smaller volume. This is the time when cementing material moves into the sediment, carried there by fluids charged with dissolved minerals. Oxidizing conditions lead to red colors from iron oxides while reducing conditions lead to darker and grayer colors. What Sandstone Says The sand grains in sandstone give information about the past: The presence of feldspar and lithic grains means that the sediment is close to the mountains where it arose.Detailed studies of sandstone give insight into its provenance- the kind of countryside that produced the sand.The degree to which the grains are rounded is a sign of how far they were transported.A frosted surface is generally a sign that sand was transported by wind- that, in turn, means a sandy desert setting. Various features in sandstone are signs of the past environment: Ripples can indicate the local water currents or wind directions.Load structures, sole marks, rip-up clasts, and similar features are fossil footprints of ancient currents.Liesegang bands are signs of chemical action after burial of the sand. The layers, or bedding, in sandstone are also signs of the past environment: Turbidite sequences point to a marine setting.Crossbedding (truncated, tilted sandstone layering) is a rich source of information on currents.Interbeds of shale or conglomerate may indicate episodes of different climate. More About Sandstone Noppawat Tom Charoensinphon / Getty Images As a landscaping and building stone, sandstone is full of character, with warm colors. It can also be quite durable. The majority of sandstone quarried today is used as flagstones. Unlike commercial granite, commercial sandstone is the same as what the geologists say it is. Sandstone is the official state rock of Nevada. Magnificent sandstone outcrops in the state can be seen at Valley of Fire State Park.   With a great deal of heat and pressure, sandstones turn to the metamorphic rocks quartzite or gneiss, tough rocks with tightly packed mineral grains.

Word Choice Accept vs. Except - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Accept vs. Except - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Accept vs. Except Many English words can seem confusing to those learning the language, but even native speakers sometimes get accept and except mixed up. This is because they sound similar, so despite differing in spelling it isn’t always obvious which you should use when writing. Yet the distinction is an important one, as accept and except have very different meanings. And since you’re likely to encounter both words fairly frequently, it’s worth familiarizing yourself with how they are used. Accept (Receive Willingly) The word â€Å"accept† typically means admit or receive something willingly. In the former case it means to understand something as true: After the experiment, Karen’s colleagues had to accept she was right. In terms of receiving something willingly, meanwhile, accept can refer to either tangible things: Bob accepted the package from the mail carrier. Or it can be used with more abstract things: She didn’t like it, but Shirley had to accept her fate. In addition, accept can also mean to say â€Å"yes† to something: Quivering with excitement, Frank accepted Jenny’s invitation. The common factor in all of these cases is consenting to something. Except (Excluding) The term â€Å"except† means â€Å"apart from† or â€Å"excluding.† Usually, it’s a preposition indicating that something is excluded from a general statement. Take this famous example from Oscar Wilde: I can resist everything except temptation. You can also use â€Å"except† as a conjunction meaning â€Å"but†: I would go shark fishing with you, except you need a bigger boat. Accept or Except? So, how to remember which of accept or except to use in any given situation? It can help to focus on the start of these words, especially â€Å"except†: the â€Å"ex-† at the beginning of â€Å"except† is the same as at the start of â€Å"exclude,† which makes it easier to remember that â€Å"except† means â€Å"to leave out† or â€Å"other than.† Hopefully this guide has helped you to understand the difference between accept and except. And don’t forget that further advice on vocabulary can be found in the word choice archive section of our academic blog. For added peace of mind, you can also have the expert proofreaders at Proofed double-check your work. Simply send us a 500-word sample today and we will proofread it for free.

Banking Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banking Law - Case Study Example The whole point of the cheque card is to make it wholly different with banks promising to pay irrespective the state of the customer's account. The person who produces a cheque card makes no representation that he is in credit with his bank. All the trader is concerned to ask is whether the customer have a cheque card, whether it matches the cheque, whether the cheque is for not more than the permissible credit limit and whether the signature on the cheque match the signature on the card. In the present case the appellant/ accused opened a bank account with the National Westminister Bank. He was allowed an overdraft of 100 pounds of one month which was latter extended for a month. The conditions were printed on the back of the cheque. The issuing bank undertakes that any cheque not exceeding 30 pounds will be honored subject to the fact that the cheque must be signed in the presence of the payee, the signature on the cheque must correspond with the specimen signature on this card, the cheque must be drawn on a bank cheque form bearing the code number shown on his card, the cheque must be drawn before the expiry date of his card, the card no. ... If these conditions are complied with the recipient need not concern himself about the drawers credit worthiness for he knows the cheque would be honored on presentment.A man who gives a cheque represents that it will be met on presentment. And if a cheque is accepted by the payee it is the belief that it will be met. And when it is supported by the bank's undertaking and all doubts in the mind of the payee as to the cheque being honored will be removed if he sees that the stipulated conditions are complied with. But by issuing a cheque book and a cheque card the bank has not authorized him to bind them by the use of the card to honor every cheque in the cheque book. It was observed that by exhibiting to the payee a cheque card containing the undertaking by the bank to honor cheques drawn in compliance with the conditions endorsed on the back, and drawing the cheque accordingly, the drawer represents to the payee that he has actual authority from the bank to make a contract with the payee on the bank's behalf that it will honor the cheque on presentation for payment. Speaking on ostensible authority on its head it was observed that if the other party has believed the representation and on the faith of that belief has acted upon it and the person represented to be his principal has so conducted him self towards that other party as to be estopped from denying the truth of the representation , then and only then, is he bound by the contract purportedly made on his behalf. The whole foundation of liability under the doctrine of ostensible authority is a representation , believed by the person to whom it is made, that the person claiming to contract as agent for a principal has the

Human Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Population - Essay Example The number keeps growing every second. Human Population itself is not a problem. The Earth is meant for humans to dwell in it. However, it becomes a problem when too many or too less humans live in it and this is known as Over Population and Under Population respectively. Total population is increasing at a rate of around 1.15 % per year and the average annual population change is approximated at over 77 million right now. The increase rate was highest in the 1960s and it has almost halved since then. The total population in Year 1 was 200 million while today in year 2008 it has hit 6 billion. It is estimated to reach 9.2 billion by 2050! (World Population Clock-Worldometer, 2008) Better health-care facilities in developed countries imply fewer deaths. Despite this, most population increases are taking place in developing countries. This is because the birth rate increases more than the decrease in death rate. Alternatively, in developed countries, there is a problem of under population. Life expectancy has increased a lot and the fertility rate has decreased. This is true for countries like Germany. Human population follows the pattern of an exponential growth; it grows slowly at first but then very rapidly (Hopkins, J., 2008). This clearly has implications for the future as the world will become over-populated at one time. Over-population is when the resources of an area can not meet the needs of the humans living in it or in other words the Earth's carrying capacity is utilized. Hence, it is problematic, very. The concept of Over Population can be showed with an analogy. Take the example of a restaurant. It employs five waiters in the beginning. The restaurant gains from them. Slowly the number keeps growing and the number increases to 20 waiters. They start crashing into each other, damaging utilities and worrying other people around them. This is a problem because it becomes difficult for these waiters to behave naturally as they would with only five waiters. This, hence, is the problem of overpopulation. The thing to notice here is that it is also closely related to the economics concept of the Diminishing Law of Marginal Utility. Factors that contribute to and are affected by the Human Population Living Factors The most obvious factor that contributes to human population is humans themselves. Population obviously increases because of increased birth rates or an increase in the fertility rate. People in developing countries are having more and more babies everyday because of which the number is increasing. Humans are also affected by the growing population themselves. Non-Living Factors Along with increased birth rates, decreased death rates or mortality also could also contribute to human population. The death/mortality rate decreases when medical and health care facilities are good. The number of deaths, therefore, decreases when countries are developed or are moving towards development. Because of globalization, today all boundaries between countries have been removed. This promotes specialization and the overall growth of economies of different countries. The growth in an economy is shown by increased and enhanced health-care facilities and hence, a lower number of deaths and a higher life expectancy age. Therefore, there is the