Essay on Cultural Values in Beowulf - 1273 Words

The historical document of Beowulf, which also shows the importance of literature, reveals the important cultural values of the warrior society. The epic poem, set in Sweden during the 6th Century, tells the story of a warrior named Beowulf. Scops, or storytellers, keepers of an oral tradition, told stories of heroes and culture from their times. They performed and told the tale of a great thane, finally writing it down sometime around the 8th Century; the only surviving epic poem from this time. As a great piece of literature, this poem follows the life of Beowulf from that of a young and loyal thane who becomes a great respected king and dies proudly, as a warrior. The warrior culture at this time reflects the values of the society of†¦show more content†¦By no means the sooner might the lordless ones get consent from the noble that he would become lord of Heardred or that he would accept royal power (41). However, Beowulf shows his loyalty by turning down her offer. He becomes king when Heardred dies. After ruling the Geats for 50 years, Beowulf decides to fight the terrible dragon. He brings eleven warriors with him. While Beowulf struggles fighting the dragon, his warriors hide except for one loyal thane named Wiglaf. Wiglaf tells Beowulf, â€Å"’Now, great spirited noble, brave of deeds, you must protect your life with all your might, I shall help you’†(47). He has remained loyal to his king so Beowulf decides to make Wiglaf the king. This gesture again shows how the value of loyalty to one’s king and kingdom will benefit and reward those who are loyal and give them better reputations. As with loyalty, the importance of reputation also guides Beowulf throughout the poem. One’s reputation reflected one’s importance in the warrior culture. When Beowulf first arrives at Heorot, he tells the Danes about his past deeds that have brought honor for him and his king: â€Å"They themselves looked on when, bloody from my foes, I came from the fight where I had bound five, destroyed a family of giants, and at night in the waves slain water-monsters, suffered great pain, avenged an affliction of the Weather-Geats on those who asked for trouble – ground enemies to bits†(8). AfterShow MoreRelatedBeowulf Essay : Battle Comparison1266 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf essay: Battle comparison In the poem â€Å"Beowulf† the protagonist encounters three enemies of large proportions: Grendel the serpent, Grendel’s Mother, and a Dragon. All these creatures pose a large and terrifying threat that need a special protagonist to fight what the land’s strongest warriors could not accomplish. Before monks wrote this fabled tale in the form of a poem, Beowulf captured the attention of its listeners and teach them lessons about their cultural society and how to act inRead MoreCulture And Values : The Epic Of Beowulf And Beowulf1260 Words   |  6 PagesCulture and Values: An Analyzation of the Beowulf Epic and the Beowulf and Grendel Film The epic tale of Beowulf was written sometime after his death. In other words, a long time ago during the Anglo-Saxon period. Today, directors in Hollywood did not keep from creating their own rendition of this epic poem As a result, plenty of modern interpretations of Beowulf, such as Sturla Gunnarsson’s Beowulf and Grendel, have been released. Naturally, the cultural values that might be reflected in modernRead MoreAnglo Saxon Values Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature 22 September 2017 Cultural Values of the Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxon literature passes down their ideas, beliefs, and values which shows us their ways of life. They express their values in three major works which are the epic Beowulf and the elegies â€Å"The Wanderer† and â€Å"The Seafarer†. The Anglo-Saxons valued their cultural values of loyalty, justness and bravery. Other major values are respected and shown throughout their works. The Anglo-Saxons have their own distinct values they admire that differRead MoreFree Will And Religion : An Epic Hero1478 Words   |  6 Pagesin the epic poem, Beowulf. The story’s protagonist must endure many trials throughout his journey as an epic hero, defeating his opponent each time. However, Beowulf believes it is not his own strength, but the will of God that he is able to become victorious. As his journey through life continues, from warrior to king, fatalism is present time and time again in all his actions. In Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf, the theme of f ate dictates the outcome of each battle Beowulf must overcome inRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Grendel And Beowulf1702 Words   |  7 Pagestranslated, Beowulf has represented one of the finest examples of heroic poetry. As a tale reflecting the noble deeds of a hero, it uniquely expresses the cultural values of the Anglo-Saxons from whom it originated since heroes often do reflect the best of what their culture deems worthwhile. However, modern adaptations of this work express a different set of cultural values; values unique to modern society. When comparing the translated poem, Beowulf, to the 2005 motion picture, Beowulf and GrendelRead MoreCivilizations and Heroism in the Epic Poems of Gilgamesh and Beowulf624 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual society. The literature of Mesopotamia and Western Europe is a prime example of this. Beowulf, an Anglo-Germanic tale and The Epic of Gilgamesh, of the Sumerians, demonstrate perfectly, the ability of civilizations to convey the val ues and customs of their society through their literature. The setting for Beowulf is Scandinavia, before the time Christianity had spread its course. Beowulf, the title character is the hero in this tale. He possesses many of the typical heroic traits suchRead MoreThe Cultural Values And The Archetypal Patterns Of The Novel Hero With A Thousand Faces 1331 Words   |  6 PagesOn that note, Sir Gawain and Beowulf both reflect the cultural values and the archetypal patterns found in Joseph Campbell’s Hero with a Thousand Faces which are expressed throughout their communities. Even though some of the values such as valor and loyalty carried over from one time period to another, the two cultures experienced a paradigm shift from the way fighting was conducted all the way over to how women were seen and treated. Starting with the great Beowulf, a courageous man who boastsRead More Beowulf Society Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pages Beowulf Society The earliest known manuscript of Beowulf is thought to have been written in the tenth century, however, the poem had most likely been told as an oral tradition for centuries before that. In fact, the poem’s events date back to the sixth century. However, because there is only one manuscript of Beowulf still in tact very little is known about the poem or its author. The poem does, however, give us great insight into the culture of the people who composed and told this epic tale.Read MoreBeowulf Society1744 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Society The earliest known manuscript of Beowulf is thought to have been written in the tenth century, however, the poem had most likely been told as an oral tradition for centuries before that. In fact, the poems events date back to the sixth century. However, because there is only one manuscript of Beowulf still in tact very little is known about the poem or its author. The poem does, however, give us great insight into the cult ure of the people who composed and told this epic tale. BecauseRead MoreBeowulf: The Canonization of Anglo-Saxon Literature into Modern Popular Culture769 Words   |  4 Pages The cover of the November, 1975 comic book Beowulf: Dragon Slayer features a red-haired, horn-helmeted Beowulf swinging a large broadsword at a purple-caped villain also bearing two razor-sharp swords. As Beowulf rears up on his steed, a bikini clad woman, cloth slightly aside to reveal the shadow of a buttock is drawn falling, face filled with terror. In the background, a rising full moon and silhouetted gothic castle keenly set an atmosphere of dread and foreboding. Above the emboldened

Cafe Society - 1016 Words

CAFÉ SOCIETY, A TIMELESS ALLURE LINGERING OVER COFFEE IN THE COMPANY OF OTHERS IS A RITUAL THAT NEVER LOSES ITS APPEAL: MUCH HAS CHANGED OVER THE GENERATIONS, BUT THE GLOBAL CAFÉ SOCIETY KEEPS IT TIMELESS GLAMOUR In 1971, Starbucks was just a single bar in Seattle’s market plaza. Ten years later, the one location had become five, and the company began importing their own blends of coffee. The legend surrounding the birth of Starbucks tells of Howard Schulz, one of the company’s buyers, making a trip to Italy in 1983, and being astounded to learn that the Country had more than 200,000 cafà ©s selling espresso coffee and that Milan, a city the size of Philadelphia, had more than 1,500. Why couldn’t it be the same in the†¦show more content†¦And who could ignore Paris’s oldest literary cafà © Procope, or the city’s iconic Cafà ¨ Flore or the legendary Les Deux Magots, on the corner of Place Saint-Germain-des-Prà ©s: all beloved places for 20th Century artists and intellectuals like Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. But in the first half of the 20th Century, it wasn’t just highbrow culture that was discussed in New York or European capital cities. Cafà ©s were a magnet for bohemians with their disorderly lives, bourgeois women who were in search of adventure and models who’d appear in sophisticated clothes and jewels, like those featured in the photos by Cecil Beaton for Vogue. These were the cafà ©s for the sophisticated avant-garde culture made up of ‘beautiful people’ and ‘bright young things’, a generation that would become immortalized with the name ‘Cafà © Society’, which was a term coined by the columnist for the New York American, Maury Paul, whose writings inspired the 1938 film by Paramount Pictures, Cafe Society. In the U.S, the rise of ‘Cafe Society’ coincided with the end of Prohibition (December, 1933) and the growing popularity of photojournalism. All of a sudden, photographers were taking pictures of everything, everywhere – as long as there was someone famous in the shot. Millionaires, starlets, sports stars, and of course, the luminaries of ‘Cafà © Society’. And it was inShow MoreRelatedFeasibility Study on Internet Cafe Chapter 17099 Words   |  29 Pagesapplications to virtual reality environments where participants will interact with each other. The researchers of this study decided to put up an Internet cafà © to provide information and service to the public by adopting it in the continuing growth of our economy that can further boost the progress of our nation. Background of the Study Nowadays, internet cafes are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embraced. Some have their own laptops and bring it to coffee shops soRead MoreDesign - Student Center Case Study and Analysis (Complete)5503 Words   |  23 Pageslandscape architects modified the strategy. Around a cluster of five new, low-lying, rectilinear volumes, linked underground or by bridges, they created a continuous, layered field of outdoor habitable spaces: courtyards, gardens, green roofs, paths, a cafe, and lookouts, all facing the sea. This rich continuum integrates the formerly disjointed upper and lower campuses, negotiating elevation changes from hilltop to waterfront. Inspiration for scale and massing came from the campus’s historic sectionRead MoreFried Green Tomatoes At The Whistle Stop Cafe1638 Words   |  7 Pagesover there the other night. As soon as you set one foot in that gate, they’d shoot your head off in a minute† (Flagg 145). This is a prime example of one of many horrid quotes from the distinguished novel, Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. This novel was written by Fannie Flagg during the 1980’s. It was a time that bigot minded voters sought for change and a backlash on the American Civil Rights era. Fannie Flagg was known as a witty humored, powerful activist, and the comedian thatRead MoreReflection Of The Loafe Cafe898 Words   |  4 PagesI selected the Loafe Cafe at UBC to study while doing this write up. From previous encounters, I have noticed it to be a very rich and intriguing cafe to become an observer of. There were many compelling observations I made which caused me to realize th e amount of connections this course has to everyday life as a student and member of society. In this day and age, our interactions, daily vernacular, and social presence have all been affected and in some ways shaped by media. There was some veryRead MoreVictoria Geisen. Professor Bolduc. Bus180. October 19,1007 Words   |  5 PagesVictoria Geisen Professor Bolduc BUS180 October 19, 2015 Smoothie Cafà © Bar With the surge in healthy and organic food and drink consumption worldwide, a Smoothie Cafà © Bar would be an excellent start up business that has the potential to grow not only locally, but nationally as well. In addition to coffee, regular decaffeinated and espresso, the Smoothie Cafe Bar would offer customers a healthy menu of organic fruits and vegetables, along with vitamins added to fresh juices and/or dairy products enablingRead MoreInternet Cafe Time Monitoring System1488 Words   |  6 PagesPAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA INTERNET CAFÉ MANAGEMENT SYSTEM by In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject I.T. Research CHAPTER I Background of the Study Information technology at the present time is vast and progressive. It is being integrated to almost most of our daily activities. It is so progressive that one must always be informed and skilled to keep pace of the changing technology. With this reality, many ideas and improvements are designed andRead MoreWilliam Hemingway s The Cafe 1246 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the older waiter turns off the light to the cafe and closes up, he then proceeds to carry the conversation with himself. This again, displays his loneliness. The text states, â€Å"Turning off the electric light he continue the conversation with himself. It is the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dingily although hat is all that is provided for these hours† (HemingwayRead MoreA Night At The Perk1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pace Perk Cafà ©. The Pace Perk Cafà © is o ne of the four student run business on campus at Pace University. It offers opportunities to Lubin school of business students to learn how to manage their own business in a practical and real-world setting. Working for the Pace Perk Cafà © provides insights for students who someday intend to be entrepreneurs. â€Å"Affectionately referred to as the â€Å"The Perk† on campus, this cafà © is located in the basement of the Martin Hall Dormitory. The cafà © serves hot/coldRead MoreThe Components Of Starbucks Organizational Culture1432 Words   |  6 Pagesadministration s part with making and managing the authoritative society. Hierarchical society has a huge effect on the general execution of an organization. Authoritative society is the arrangement of imparted, underestimated verifiable presumptions that a gathering holds and that decides how it sees, contemplates, and responds to its different surroundings (Barney, 1986). In this paper, I will inspect the components of Starbucks hierarchical society that added to its accomplishment in a worldwide economyRead MoreCultural Critique Of Japanese Cafes1400 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Cafà ©s In Japan, there are many aspects that make it attractive to the human eye. One of those things is the abundant ‘kawaii’ attributes. ‘Kawaii’ is a Japanese word used to reference things that are cute or adorable. A couple of examples would be kitty keychains, ice cream earrings, and pink owl sharpeners. However, they don’t always have to be something small. Another common attraction in Japan that’s considered ‘kawaii’ are the various themed cafà ©s, or restaurants. The cafà ©s in Japan

Eid The Magical Holiday Of Muslims - 1373 Words

Eid:The magical holiday of muslims A blanket of snow envelops the ground. Bright lights are strung up on houses and laughter and cheers are heard everywhere. Silhouettes of people sipping hot chocolate can be seen from outside. A perfect fairytale Christmas! *change of scenery* Men and women dressed up in their best clothes have rushed to the mosque so that they could be in time to attend the Eid Prayer. Not long after the Eid Prayer is completed, the shouts of Eid Mubarak can be heard ringing through the halls or outside in the open air. Eid is a holiday celebrated by Muslims. Unlike any other holiday, Eid is celebrated twice at different times of the year and also for different purpose Both Eids are for 3 days, although many people†¦show more content†¦On Eid al-Adha, Muslims all around the world sacrifice animals in the name of God. The International Business Times states, â€Å"A third of the animal’s meat is then distributed to the poor with the rest distributed to family and friends.† Some people spend the rest of the day just relaxing and spending time with family and close friends while others enjoy their time at parties. THE QUESTIONS (starring Hafsa Aleem and Aisha Patni) What does Eid mean to you? Hafsa: It means candy, money, parties, and fancy clothes. Two boys hug each other after the Eid Prayer. Aisha: To me Eid means being able to get together with family and friends and celebrate a special day! In your own words, describe Eid. Hafsa: Eid is so fun, it is the time where you reunite with old friends and celebrate with lots of candy and food and happiness. Aisha: Eid is basically at the end of the month Ramadan (the month of fasting). You are not supposed to fast on this day. Instead, after praying the special Eid prayer at the mosque in the morning, you attend parties to celebrate and eat good food! How do you feel the days before Eid? The day of Eid? Hafsa: I feel terrible because I’m fasting. On Eid I usually feel terrible because I don’t know. But I feel happy when I see my friends and family. Aisha: The days before Eid, I feel hungry, because I fast, but the day of Eid I’m always excited! Are there any traditional stuff you do on Eid? If so, what are they? Hafsa: I wake up andShow MoreRelatedThe Family Roles Of Socialization Essay2070 Words   |  9 Pagesgroup is Samia. Samia is from Pakistan and her dominant religion in her family is Muslim. Beside Samia, the others have family member of different religion, whether it may be a cousin, aunt, or uncle. There’s many reason they have different religion in their family , one is because some people might of converted so they can marry someone, this is a common practice in some family. The main religion for Noel is Muslim, Yzel is Catholic, Devika is Hindu and Stephen is Christian. Although Noel, DevikaRead MoreCulture of Bangladesh2895 Words   |  12 Pageskm consists of land and 10,090 sq km area on water. ï‚â€" History of the country: The riverine country of Bangladesh (â€Å"Land of the Bengals†) is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and its people are predominantly Muslim. As the eastern portion of the historical region of Bengal, the area once formed, along with what is now the Indian state of West Bengal, the province of Bengal in British India. With the partition of India in 1947, it became the Pakistani provinceRead MoreIncredible India3330 Words   |  14 PagesFacts and figures ⠝â€" Population of India ⠝â€" History of India ⠝â€" Culture and people ⠝â€" Geography ⠝â€" Environment of India ⠝â€" Name of many cities of India ⠝â€" Language ⠝â€" National symbol of India ⠝â€" Festivals of India ⠝â€" Holidays of India ⠝â€" Religion demography ⠝â€" Tourist place of India ⠝â€" Famous people of India ⠝â€" Hindi movies ⠝â€" Music ⠝â€" Food of India ⠝â€" Conclusion Introduction The Republic of India is a large South Asian country rich in ethnic diversityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesagainst employees based on their religion, with very few exceptions. However, that doesn’t mean religion is a nonissue in OB. Perhaps the greatest religious diversity issue in the United States today revolves around Islam. There are nearly 2 million Muslims in the United States, Biographical Characteristics 51 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos C onsidering situation . . . the following that it is a sin to cover them intentionally because doing so would signify a rejection

Sarbanes-Oxley Paper - 723 Words

Sarbanes Oxley Paper The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) act was passed into law in 2002. It was created in response to major financial scandals that largely shook the publics confidence in corporate accounting practices. It was a significant response to improper record handling techniques. Under the law, corporate managers must assess whether they have sufficient safeguards to catch fraud and bookkeeping errors. There are consequences for not complying with the provisions of the act and there are certainly advocates and opponents of it. Price Waterhouse Coopers says Without a doubt, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the single most important piece of legislation affecting corporate governance, financial disclosure and the practice of public†¦show more content†¦This was considered an unprecedented level of accountability and would likely never have been possible without the public outcry from the scandals which made the act necessary. Sarbanes-Oxley is consistently called the broadest-sweeping legislation to affect corporations and public accounting since the 1933 and 1934 security acts, experts agree the resulting changes are just beginning (Fass, A. 2003). While The Sarbanes-Oxley act has a great deal of support, it is not a perfect solution. Alan Greenspan once called for changes to part of it and in fact called one of its provisions a nightmare. In addition, many companies have complained about what they consider to be the high cost and overhead needed to satisfy the SOX acts requirements. The main complaint about the act was the lack of specific details about what exactly was required. This along with the potential for fines and imprisonment led many companies to overspend on their SOX compliance initiatives. In response to these complaints, the Securities and Exchange Commission approved revised guidelines in 2007 that spelled out some of the rather vague requirements. The challenge has been to find th e right balance between financial reporting and efficiency in achieving it, the chairman of the SEC, Christopher Cox, said. TheShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper1097 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Karla Azcue ACC 120-09 Mr. Donald Senior The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is one of the most important legislations passed in the 21st century effecting financial practice and corporate governance. This act was passed on July 30, 2002 thanks to Representative Michael Oxley a republican from Ohio and Senator Paul Sarbanes a democrat from Maryland. They both passed two different bills that pertain to the same problem which had to do with corporations auditing accountabilityRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Research Paper1787 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes Oxley Act Research Project Brielle Lewis MBA 315 March 6, 2014 I. Abstract The purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities law, and for other purposes. (Lander, 2004) The Act created new standards for public companies and accounting firms to abide by. After multiple business failures due to fraudulent activities and embezzlement at companies such as Enron Sarbanes andRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Paper934 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: SARBANES OXLEY ACT Sarbanes Oxley Act Introduction Sarbanes Oxley Act is focused towards identifying accounting frauds in different public companies. This paper discusses about various reasons for the introduction of Sarbanes Oxley Act and causes that has been overlooked. Causes for Sarbanes-Oxley Act Sarbanes Oxley Act is US federal law, which is established in order to set out the some standards for accounting firms, public company boards and managementRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Research Paper2807 Words   |  12 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Research Paper Imagine over $60 billion of shareholder value, almost $2.1 billion in pension plans, and initially 5,600 jobs - disappeared (Associated Press, 2006). One would have to wonder how that is possible. These are the consequences the investors and employees of Enron Corporation endured after the Enron scandal started to unravel. This paper will focus on the infamous accounting scandal of Enron Corporation. It will also discuss how the company wasRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act : Government Policy Paper967 Words   |  4 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act Government Policy Paper Kelly L. Privatte Cosumnes River College Author Note This paper was prepared for Economics 304, taught by Professor Nguyen Introduction The government formulates various laws to achieve optimum utilization of resources in the public sphere. Sarbanes-Oxley Act is one of the numerous laws drafted to optimize resources utilization in public companies (McNally, 2013). The act seeks to attain maximization utilization of resources by entrenching accountabilityRead MoreLjb Company Case1592 Words   |  7 PagesExternal Consultation to LJB Company EXTERNAL CONSULTATION TO LJB COMPANY Abstract A paper presented on the case study 2 review of LJB Company. The paper will address growing issues of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, and business ethics in regards to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and adherence to current regulatory federal mandates. Paper presents tools for consideration for tomorrow’s leaders and gives a general overview of internal control strategies corporationsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ACC/561 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Following a number of discovered fraud scandals committed by well-known corporations and in order to restore public confidence in the stock market and trading of securities, the United States congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the year 2002. As a result of the act endorsement by the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among many other national overseeing committees, a number of rules and regulationsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act and the PCAOB Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Overview: The development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was a result of public company scandals. The Enron and Worldcom scandals, for example, helped investor confidence in entities traded on the public markets weaken during 2001 and 2002. Congress was quick to respond to the political crisis and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was signed into law by President Bush on July 30 (Edward Jones, 1), to restore investor confidence. In reference to SOX, penaltiesRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002: A Response to High-profile Corporate Failures1919 Words   |  8 PagesSurbanes Oxley Act 2002 Historical forces have a way of acting in concert, even when propelled by markedly different factors. In the United States, a spate of astonishing high-profile corporate failures have shaken investor confidence and placed corporate fraud and accounting abuses center stage before the public and its governmental representatives. The legislative response to these events was the rapid passage of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (the Act) of 2002, which virtually overnight transformedRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Outline676 Words   |  3 PagesThe Ineffectiveness of the Sarbanes Oxley Act In Corporate Management and Accounting In the early 1990s, a young company named Enron was quickly moving up Fortune magazine’s chart of â€Å"America’s Most Innovative Company.† As the corporate world began to herald Enron as the next global leader in business, a dark secret loomed on the horizon of this great energy company. Aggressive entrepreneurs eager to push the company’s stock price higher and a series of fraudulent accounting procedures involving

Israel-Palestine Two-State vs One-State Solution Free Essays

string(133) " Historic precedents have shown through failed peacemaking processes that this land cannot be successfully partitioned by agreement\." What Does The Future Hold for Israel-Palestine? The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has proven to be one of the most complex and â€Å"intractable† conflicts of modern history – or as some may even add – of all time. And after many decades of failed attempts at peacemaking in this region, there still seems to be no conceivable end to the conflict. During those same decades, most of the parties involved as well as the international community have embraced the idea of a two-state solution, but the question we pose today asks whether this solution is still a viable option considering the present context, and if not, is it finally time to consider a one-state solution? This essay will argue that although a two-state solution remains the more desirable and popular option, keeping in-line with both nations’ desire for freedom, civic rights, dignity, statehood and nationhood, it may no longer be a possibility in the near future and as time passes. We will write a custom essay sample on Israel-Palestine: Two-State vs One-State Solution or any similar topic only for you Order Now A one-state solution also has its faults however, as it simply fails to address the issue of inevitable future conflicts and retaliation, which would stem from the most problematic symptom of a bi-national state: the reduction of Palestinian-Israelis to second-class citizens within their own country. Finally, the essay will attempt to show that regardless of what the more desirable and feasible option may be, the context today points to a de facto one-state reality, which some argue would ultimately need to be embraced as the only option. There is no solution but the two-state solution? Is a one-state solution feasible today? If it is, how optimal of a solution is it for both populations and state-entities? The answer seems to be negative mainly due to the fact that the Jewish-Israeli populace desires to remain a majority within their own state and similarly because the Jewish-Israeli state depends on a Jewish majority in order to vote-in and implement laws and policies, which are aimed to provide a safe home for the Jewish and not the Arab population as per the Balfour Declaration (1). Uniting all territories under one-same state would shift demographics in such a manner that Jewish-Israelis would become the minority within their own state, and thus they would put in jeopardy the Jewish component of what s now a democratic Jewish state. A one-state solution seems to be a utopian idea when we consider the immense sense of pride and victory the Palestinian and Israeli peoples attach to the concept of having and ruling over their own independent and sovereign state. History has shown time and again that no two entities have ever peacefully agreed and successfully managed to create a multi national state within one-same country, but rather they have favoured separate national states, or a two-state solution. Also, from a psychoanalytical and social approach, it appears almost completely improbable that two peoples, cultures and religions that have participated in such a long-standing intractable conflict would concede to the creation of only one state, since their motivational and cognitive biases as a result of distinct psychological processes would â€Å"render then unable to recognize as advantageous settlement terms† proposed by the other side (2). This would fully undermine the Palestinians’ fight for liberation and sovereignty and the Israelis’ struggle for existence and independence. Moreover, under one state, the Palestinians would perhaps suffer a reality of segregation and would shift their fight towards one for achieving their civil rights. This could potentially be achieved as it was done in South-Africa. However, it would ultimately lead towards a Jewish minority within the state and that would directly threaten the existence of a Jewish state. One could argue that Israelis would never agree to dismantle the Jewish state by contributing to the formation of an Arab majority within their own territory. Also, the realities in South-Africa were quite different from those in Israel-Palestine today. In fact, the struggle was of another nature: the black-Africans and white-Africans both fought for a one-state solution and the domination of that state, whereas the Palestinians and Israelis fight for the creation of their own independent states, therefore a one-state option is neither desired by the Israelis nor the Palestinians (3) (4). Furthermore, the involvement and conflict-resolution approaches of the international community during the South-African ordeal differed greatly from those of today, since Israel has a more complex relationship with the United-States than South-Africa ever did and an international boycott of Israel would ultimately fail as it would be interpreted as a repetition of the Holocaust, which began with the simple slogan â€Å"Don’t buy from the Jews† and which no one in their right mind desires today! 5) So, is a two-state solution a more viable option? One might think that a two-state option is a very remote possibility seeing the constant hostility from the Palestinian side, the crisis and disconnect between Hamas and the official Palestinian Authority, the fragmentation of the West Bank territory into districts due to growing Israeli settlements, and an almost inexistent peace process between the two nations in light of a unilateral Israeli approach to conflict resolution. However, it is also vital to underline that the lack of evidence of a one-state option being the optimal solution to the problem makes the route towards a two-state solution more compelling in comparison. In fact, by opting for a one-state solution and denying the Palestinian people their own independent state where they can freely live with dignity and enjoy full civic rights, Israel and the international community risk causing additional chaos, retaliation and a continuation of the already intractable war between these two nations. On the other hand, the reality we have today points de facto to the existence of a bi-national state, mainly as a result of Israel’s expansionist policies. In fact, living on what was d’antan Philistine are almost eleven million people, almost equally divided, half of whom – the Palestinians – are growing faster in number and will most inevitably become the majority (6). Historic precedents have shown through failed peacemaking processes that this land cannot be successfully partitioned by agreement. You read "Israel-Palestine: Two-State vs One-State Solution" in category "Essay examples" This means that the only way to achieve a two-state solution is by military force, which many would agree is not desirable, since it may generate the worst war to date. The greatest fear emanating from the adoption of a one-state solution, and which prompts many to favour the infamous two-state solution, is the creation of an apartheid state and second-class citizens as was the case in South-Africa. However, many fail to remember that only upon agreement to create a democratic bi-national state did South-Africa dissolve its apartheid component (7). This is not to say that an equitably shared i-national state would automatically be created when and if a one-state solution is put into place, but rather that a peaceful coexistence within a bi-national state is a possibility. In fact, one could defend that any attempt to separate the two entities would be impossible, since any territorial split would create displaced Palestinian and Israeli persons and refugees within both states. A two- state solution almost guarantees that having Palestinians and Israelis live under Israeli and Palestinian sovereignly respectively will additionally fuel discontent, retaliation and violent struggle. This would undermine any past attempt to reconcile the two parties and achieve peace, and would render any past accords and treaties useless. Furthermore, ruling two separate geographical entities – Gaza and the West Bank – under the same independent Palestinian state is an impractical and inefficient way of organizing institutions and governmental administrations, as it would complicate decision-making and even practical implementation of policies pertaining to resources, energy, security and social issues. For example, how could a Palestinian state survive without access to resources such as water and electricity, when Israel has almost completely taken control of water access in the West Bank and is the greatest supplier of electricity to the Palestinian territories? Also, how will these two geographically separate, yet politically united entities communicate, ensure safety for their citizens travelling through Israel in-between Gaza and the West Bank, organize transport and delivery of goods, services and energy to each part, and how will they reconcile their economies? The answers to most of these questions point towards a reality that would be quite impossible to accept and sustain. In addition, it is safe to say that the problem of a two-state solution runs a lot deeper. For example, the PA is quite weak as it lacks support in Gaza: it is lead by wealthy officials who have no interest in altering the Palestinian reality in the West Bank due to their investments in that region, the economy is unstable in that region, and it depends almost entirely on Israeli and American support and funding. If it became a sovereign state, Palestine’s economy would suffer, as it is greatly linked and depends on both Israel and the international community. From empirical evidence, as is the case with many European countries today and other African and South American countries some years ago, we know that a weak or crumbling economy spells political and social unrest, and therefore a two-state solution would fail to accomplish what a one-state solution may prevent: a failed state and extreme violent uprisings. Moreover, land disputes are an impediment for a clear-cut two-state solution. For example, ten percent of the West Bank would be annexed by Israel (8) as it forms part of permanent Israeli settlements and land-swaps would occur failing to provide a clear understanding of what would happen to Palestinians living on these â€Å"swapped† territories inside of Israel. For these reasons and more, it is quite unimaginable to even speak of a strong, stable and sovereign Palestinian state at the moment. In sum, neither option seems to be ideal, although on a personal note, I believe that a one-state solution would lead to yet another form of occupation, at least for some years or even generations to come, of lower-class Palestinian-Israelis by Jewish-Israelis as well as to more struggle for land and to more violence, since the Jewish inhabitants of the land evidently enjoy the upper economic and political hand in this conflict. As the South-African example depicts well, the one-state option would lead to an apartheid state for some time at least. Israeli-Jews inevitably would continue to hold onto the economic and socio-political power they enjoy today, which means that Palestinian-Israelis would become second-class citizens who will suffer discrimination in all spheres of life and who may even be compelled by law to participate in that which is the top source of their anguish and hate: the Israeli army. Both sides will forcibly persist in trying to augment their numbers in order to form the standing majority and the foreseeable and very unfortunate event that would unfold is another mid-twentieth century-type civil war. And however complicated a two-state solution may seem, it is an illusion to believe that the Israelis or the Palestinians for that matter would easily give up the idea of having their own independent state. There is no force in this world that could make these two nations give up this aspiration. However, on the other hand, it seems that if the idea of a two-state solution was brought to fruition today it would be a disaster for the Palestinian people, since the content of the solution would inevitably put them at a disadvantage in the context of today. In the end, as we can deduce from some of the evidence presented in this essay, one is still left with unanswered questions as well as with new questions pertaining respectively to the best possible option for Israel and Palestine as well as other foreseeable solutions that differ from the one and two-state solutions. References and Works Cited Al-Masri, Hani. â€Å"The Two-State Solution Is Still an Option. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 27-30. Print. ?Avnrey, Uri. â€Å"One State: Solution or Utopia? Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 4 (2007): 7-12. Print. Awad, Samir. â€Å"Http://www. pij. org/details. php? id=1413. † Palestine-Israel Journal: Impact of the Revolutions in the Arab World on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict AndFuture Prospects. Middle East Publications, 2012. Web. 04 Aug. 2012. http://www. pij. org/details. php? id=1413. Baskin, Gershon. â€Å"A Choice To Be Made. † Pal estine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 94-96. Print. Democracy in America Blog Correspondents. (2011). Palestine Statehood: A Strategic Mistake by Everyone. Available: (http://www. economist. com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/09/palestine- statehood-0). Last accessed 3rd Aug 2012. ?Dudai, Ron. â€Å"A Model for Dealing with the Past in the Israeli–Palestinian Context. † The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2007): 249-67. Print. Ghanem, As’ad. â€Å"Cooperation Instead of Separation: A One-State Solution to Promote Israeli-Palestinian Peace. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 13-19. Print. ?Hadi, A. B. A. The Balfour Declaration. † The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 164. 1 (1932): 12-21. Print. ?Kelman, Herbert C. â€Å"The Interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian National Identities: The Role of the Other in Existential Conflicts. † Journal of Social Issues 55. 3 (1999): 581-600. Print. ?Lindsay, Talmud. â€Å"Six South-African Lessons. † Palestine -Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 96-100. Print. Majdalani, Ahmad. â€Å"The Serious Threats Facing the Palestinian National Project. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. (2007): 37-43. Print. Plenary, Sixty-sixth General Assembly. UN General Assembly Archives. 23 Sept. 2011. Peace Can Only Come through Negotiations, Responds Israel’s Prime Minister, Offering ‘Straightforward Discussion’. United Nations NHQ, United States of America, New York. Pollak, Joel. â€Å"A Northern Ireland Solution for the West Bank? † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 62-68. Print. ?Ruether, Rosemary, â€Å"Invisible Palestinians: Ideology and Reality in Israel†, Christian Century Publishing, (1987), p. 587. How to cite Israel-Palestine: Two-State vs One-State Solution, Essay examples

Management Accounting Projected Revenues and Expenses

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Projected Revenues and Expenses. Answer: Participative Budgeting Process: The budget can be defined as the estimation of projected revenues and expenses, related to the future activities of an organization, department or project. Successful implementation of budget depends greatly on the process of budgeting. It has been observed that the budgets, which has been implemented successfully and proved to be more accurate, are mostly prepared in parts by the respective departmental heads, rather than the budgets, imposed on the different departments by the higher management. This process of budgeting is referred as participative budgeting process (Heinle et al. 2014). Benefits of Participative Budgeting Process: Participative budgeting process can provide various operational behavioral benefits to the organization. The benefits are discussed below: Operational Benefits: Increase in Productivity: As the managers and the selected departmental personnel use to prepare their own department budget, the department becomes more conscious to maintain the budget. They use to work more to achieve the target, set by themselves. Thus it helps to increase the productivity of the staffs. Reduced Costs: The supervision and control over the cost become lesser. The departmental heads use control the expense level personally so that the budgeted costs are maintained properly. It causes reduction in overall cost of the organization (Derfuss 2015). Behavioral Benefits: Job Satisfaction: When the employees suggestions and recommendations are considered for budgeting, it creates psychological impact on the employees and increases their job satisfaction level. Motivation:- Higher level of job satisfaction, in turn, uses to motivate the employees more. Especially, if the employees or the departments are rewarded for maintaining the budget properly, the employees feel more motivated by such budgeting process (Bryer 2014). Deficiencies in Rileys Participative Policy: It has been observed that the participative policy, described in the case, has few deficiencies. Those deficiencies are discussed below:- Projected expense limit are fixed upto an extent. Government projects are included in the departmental budgets. Projected outcomes of the departments are not included in the budget. There is no additional motivational factor introduced for the employees to maintain the budget. Recommendation for Proper Budgeting Process: The above-mentioned deficiencies can be removed by adopting the following measures: The expenditure limits should be more flexible, instead of limiting it within the appropriation target. Departmental managers may have some innovative plans, which may require extra funding. In that case, if the budgeted expenses are made fixed within a certain level, then such plans cannot be executed (Macinati and Rizzo 2014). The final budget is prepared by cutting some of the primary budget for contingency fund, whereas, the expenses for Government projects within the budget are kept intact. It will reduce the amount of other necessary expenditure at higher proportion. Therefore, there should be separate budget for the government projects. The budget includes both the inputs and outputs. In this budget, only the inputs are highlighted. The output of each department should also be measured in the budgets. Then only the performances of the departments can be evaluated properly. There should be some reward system for maintaining the budget properly. The departmental managers and the employees will be more motivated then to increase their efficiencies. Reference List: Bryer, A.R. 2014, "Participation in budgeting: A critical anthropological approach",Accounting, Organizations and Society,vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 511-530 Derfuss, K. 2015, "Relating Context Variables to Participative Budgeting and Evaluative Use of Performance Measures: A Meta-analysis: Relating Context and Budgeting Variables",Abacus,vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 238-278 Heinle, M.S., Ross, N. Saouma, R.E. 2014, "A Theory of Participative Budgeting",The Accounting Review,vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 1025-1050 Macinati, M.S. Rizzo, M.G. 2014, "Budget goal commitment, clinical managers' use of budget information and performance",Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands),vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 228-238