Aerofoil Design Xflr5

Aashiq Zakir Hussain12108227 | Supervisor : | Dr. Patrick Frawley | Submission : Date | 26th October 2012 | ABSTRACT Airfoil is the main part of the airplane which contributes the lift required by the airplane to fly in the air. By varying the wing’s area and the angle of attack, different lift can be created and can be used to fly the airplane. This program named XFLR5 is used for determining the airfoil characteristics.It will help them to save a lot of time on computing the equations and on the trial and error method. The program can also be used as basic tool to show the users what will happen when some variables like Reynolds number, the AOA of the wings and the speed of the aircraft are changed and how it will affect the results and lift generated. This project report deals with the analysis of widely used airfoils in the modern aircrafts. In this analysis, the lift, drag, pressure profiles and their coefficients of the airfoils are been calculated using xflr5 program.Th ese are obtained in the form of graphical representation by feeding data such as Reynolds number, Mach number, Angle of Attack and dimensions of the airfoils to the program. The results such as maximum lift coefficient, stalling angle, maximum lift to drag ratio and such parameters are obtained and are been compared with each other.Re| Reynolds number| -| ?| Angle of Attack| -| M| Mach number| -| Cp | Pressure Coefficient| -| Cl| Lift Coefficient| -| Cd| Drag Coefficient| -| Cl / Cd| Glide Ratio| -| T| Thickness| mm| c| Chord| -| INTRODUCTION Airfoils are the primary shapes which allow streamlined flow over it when it is driven through air. These shapes do not produce much drag compared to other shapes as so it is used in all aircraft structural parts which is subjected to airflow. Basically airfoils can be divided into many types by slightly varying their thickness, length, camber area and so on without after the shape.In this analysis we deal with airfoil shapes known as NACA airf oils. The  NACA airfoils  are just  shapes of airfoils used for aircraft wings, which is developed by the  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics  (NACA). The shape of the NACA airfoils is determined using a  series  of digits followed by the word â€Å"NACA. † The series is divided using digits from 1-8. We only deal with the 4-digit series of airfoils in this analysis. The 4 digit airfoils we are going to discuss in this analysis are 0004, 0008, 0012, 0016, 0020, 0312, 1312, 2312, 3312, 2112, 2512 and 2712.In this 4 digit series, 1st digit denotes the maximum  camber  as percentage of the  chord, 2nd digit denotes the distance of maximum camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of percent's of the chord and this last 3rd and 4th digits denotes  maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord. The key features we are going to discuss about in this analysis are the effects of Angle of Attack, Reynolds number, Mach number, Camber and Thi ckness. The basic aerodynamic design is to obtain maximum lift and minimum drag which will be expressed in terms of coefficient of lift (Cl) and coefficient of drag (Cd).Using this program known as XFLR5, we are going to compare the characteristics of all the airfoils. As the operating valves such as Angle of Attack, Mach number, Reynolds number are to be fed in to the program and this will give us the required graph of the parameters such as Cl, Cd, alpha, Cp and so on. Using these results achieved from the program, it will be easier to find out the airfoil with highest Cl at various angles of attack, which has got highest stalling angle and the airfoil with best glide ratio and so on. OBJECTIVESThis report is basically done to find out airfoils with maximum lift to drag ratio by comparing many airfoils each other and allowing their camber area, thickness and the location of the camber to deviate to the small percentage of the chord. By doing this, we can achieve a best airfoil des ign that can be used in live aircrafts. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: * If an aircraft has to fly, force has to be counter balanced by the weight as it must be opposite to its magnitude. This force is known as lift. Lift plays a major factor on the airplane flight.The main plane (wings) generates more lift as it is the important load carrying member. * The aerofoil sections have been started to get developed in late 1800’s. In 1884 H. F. Phillips with the help of wind tunnel, tested and made series of airfoils. At the same time Otto Lilienthal with the help of the bird’s wings, designed airfoil shapes. It was found that the key factor is that the wing curvature or camber. The early airplanes were biplanes because, the airfoils were thin and cambered as shown in figure 2. 1. Figure 2. 1: Hanson http://www. biplanefun. om/assets/Image/Hanson_215217_001. jpg Nowadays these types of aircrafts are not used, as all airfoils are made by trial and error method. Airfoils used in 1920’s (NACA). ( http://www. desktop. aero/appliedaero/airfoils1/images/sections1. gif) Figure 2. 2: Ancient development in airfoils For the project, the NACA 4 digit airfoil format will be use for the program which is generating the airfoil’s shape and the thin airfoil theory will be use for computing the important parameters of the wing. * 1. ii Terminology for Airfoil and Airplane:Basic parts of an airfoil that must be known before getting in to the chapter of NACA 4 digit series. The diagram below describes the parts of an airfoil from which series are determined. Figure 2. 3: Airfoil Terminology airfoil (http://www. copters. com/aero/pictures/Fig_2-10. gif) Figure 2. 5: Plane Axes (http://www. allstar. fiu. edu/aero/images/fig25. gif) 1. iii Definitions: The line drawn midway between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil is known as mean camber.The straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil is known as chord. Leading edge is the front of the airfoil. Trailing edge is the end of the airfoil. The angle between the chord and the line representing the relative airflow is known as the angle of attack (AOA). Camber of an airfoil is the upper and lower surfaces curvature. The airfoil’s thickness and amount of lift the airfoil will generate is determined by the cambered area. When the term upper camber is used, it is referring to the upper surface of the airfoil. When the term lower camber is used, it is referring to the lower surface of the airfoil.Span is the distance from a tip of the wing to the other tip of the wing. * 1. iv The Four Forces on the Airplane Figure 2. 6: Forces on an airplane (http://anjungsainssmkss. files. wordpress. com/2011/09/plane_forces. jpg) * The four main forces that maintain the aircraft in steady flight and helps fly are Lift, Drag, Weight and Thrust. Thrust is a forward pulling which is generated by the engine(powerplant). Thrust opposes the drag. Thrust depends upon the powe r of the engine as high power engines produce more thrust and the type of the engines with respect to their mounted location.Drag is a force which opposes the thrust as when the aircraft moves in high speed the air passes over and below the surface produce drag. It is a resistive force. The weight is a force of an airplane which is acting downwards due to the force of gravity. This force pulls down on the plane and opposes the lift force. This force mainly depends upon the weight of the aircraft and so it depends upon how much we load and the total weight we use to build the aircraft. Lift is an important force in the aircraft which tends the aircraft to fly.It is generated as aircraft moves at high speed and is generated below the airfoil surface of the main plane. At this time, there will be low pressure acting over the wing and high pressure under the wing. The four forces act on any airplanes in flight and are interconnected. In order for the airplane to take off, lift must over come weight and thrust must overcome drag. During landing, thrust must be reduced below the level of drag and lift must be reduced below the weight of the airplane. * * * 1. v Theory of Lift: * Lift is an important force as it sustains an airplane in ir and enables it to manoeuvre. The theory of lift has been debated for a long time and currently still debating. However this project is not about debating the theory of lift but to design the airfoil. Therefore to cover the theory of lift, the 2 more popular explanations which are the Newton’s Law and the Bernoulli’s Principle will be discuss briefly. * Principles of Physics such as the principle of conservation of momentum, the principle of the conservation of mass and the principle of the conservation of energy are the basic principles to be known and to be considered to understand lift force.The principle of the conservation of momentum is covered by Newton’s Law. And the principle of the conservation of energy is covered Bernoulli Principles. Both can be use to explain the basics principles on how lift is form and are compatible with each other. In the following explanations, air is assumed as an ideal fluid and therefore 3 major assumptions about the physical properties of the airflow are made: * The airflow over a wing is incompressible. The airflow is inviscid which means the viscosity of air is approaching zero. The airflow around the wing is steady. * * * 1. vi Newton’s Law Explanation: Lift is generated by a wing as it moves through the air at an angle of attack. This will turn the airflow downward and the wing itself will have the force acting in an upward direction. In order to make use of the Newton’s Law, we need to know a theory known as the Coanda Effect. Coanda Effect stated â€Å"A moving stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue travelling in a straight line. † This states tha t, when the air hits the wing when it is subjected through air, the angle changes the wing dimension as it is tilted to an extent.At this stage air do not reflect back as it stays over the wing. From Coanda Effect, we know that the wing is changing the direction of the airflow and also changing the velocity. Since lift is a force, according to Newton’s 2nd law of motion: * Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma) * Acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time and force will be: * Force = mass x (change in velocity / change in time) * Therefore a change in velocity will generate a force and a force will cause a change in velocity.Velocity has both a magnitude called speed and a direction is associated with it. It is a vector quantity. Therefore by changing the direction of the airflow, the wing is also causing an increase in velocity which results in an acceleration. This change in velocity also generates a reaction force on the wing acting in an upwards direction. * Th is principle of Newton’s 3rd law which states â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction† helps to explain the nature of lift. The reaction force experienced by the wing is the total reaction. Figure 2. : Forces on an airfoil (http://www. free-online-private-pilot-ground-school. com/images/forces_airfoil. gif) * 1. vii Bernoulli’s Principle: Bernoulli’s Principle can be referred to as the law of conservation of energy and the total energy in a moving mass of fluid consists of potential energy, kinetic energy and the fluid’s pressure energy. It states that sum of all energies result in a constant value for the steady flow of an ideal fluid. Bernoulli’s Principle shows that as the velocity of a fluid flow changes, the pressure will change as well.This means that when the fluid’s velocity increases, the pressure will decrease and vice versa. Using this principle of pressure variation with velocity change, lift force developed by the wing can be accurately predicted in the same way as Newton’s Law. Figure 2. 8: Example of Bernoulli’s Principle (http://images. rcuniverse. com/magazine/reviews/455/bernoulli. jpg) Using Bernoulli’s Principle, the kinetic energy of the air will be highest where the pressure energy is the lowest and lowest where the pressure energy is the highest.This will result in an increase of the airflow for the upper surface of the wing and decreases for the lower surface of the wing. Therefore there will be a lower pressure on the upper surface of the wing and a higher pressure on the lower surface of the wing. This will result in a force acting in an upwards direction. Using equation: Force = Pressure x Area The lift force will be proportional to the pressure differential across the wing multiplied by the wing’s surface area. For Bernoulli’s Principle, it does not provide any explanation on why the airflow is faster on the top surface of the wing.The Newton’s Law also did not explain why the air deflects downward. Both theories only explain how lift is created. * 1. viiiThe Factors affecting Lift: Lift is the main source of force which enables the airplanes to fly. In order to generate enough lift, several factors have to be taken into consideration as they affect the amount of lift the airplane can generate. The general equation for lift is Lift = lift coefficient x {(air density x velocity2)/2} x wing area Where the lift coefficient is given by: Lift coefficient = 2 x pi x (AOA – calculated AOA at zero lift) Therefore the factors affecting lift are: The Angle of Attack (AOA). * The airfoil shape. * Airspeed. * Wing size. * Air density. The air density depends on the height which the airplane is flying. As the height of the airplane decreases, the air density will increase which will also result in higher lift generated. Therefore to generate the same amount of lift when the air density increases, the velocity of the airplane must increase. The Angle of Attack (AOA) of the airplane’s wing which is denoted by the Greek letter alpha ?. AOA is the angle between the oncoming air or relative wind and a reference line on the wing which in this case is the chord.It is one of the important parameters for handling and designing of a plane as a typical wing only has a limited range of angles of attack As the AOA increases, the lift generated by the airfoil is also increased. However, once the AOA reaches a certain angle known as the Critical Angle, the airplane will stall as the airflow will separate from the upper surface, resulting in a loss of lift which means the airplane will stall. This will result in cavitations and lose in lift force. It will also produce drag force as shown in figure 2. 9. Figure 2. 9: Diagram of how AOA affects the air flow (http://www. ero-mechanic. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/2-8-283Ãâ€"300. jpg) The lift depends upon the airfoil and the force the air flows over it. Thus when airflow is more, lift produced is maximum. Comparing a cambered airfoil and a symmetric airfoil, a cambered airfoil produced more lift than a symmetric airfoil. Even a flat plate subjected to the air will produce lift. Thus the airfoil should be designed in such a way that it produces high lift to drag ratio. * 1. ix NACA 4 series: In the 1930s, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed several sets of airfoils and camber lines.The â€Å"Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel† report was published by the NACA. In this report, the authors discovered that the airfoils that are successful had many similarities. The two primary variables that affected the airfoil shapes are the slope of the airfoil mean camber line and the thickness distribution above and below the line. Many of this airfoil shapes have been in use as tails and wings of airplanes over the years. The first family of airfoi ls designed using this approached is the NACA 4 series.In the NACA 4 series, the 1st digit indicates the maximum camber (m) in percentage of the chord, the 2nd digit indicates the position of the maximum camber (p) in tenths of cord and the last 2 digits provide the maximum thickness (t) of the airfoil in percentage of chord. For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil will have a maximum camber of 2% located at 40% from the leading edge with maximum thickness of 12% cord. 4-digit series airfoils by default have a maximum thickness of 30% of the chord from the leading edge. Therefore with the first 2 digits 00, it indicates that there is no camber and is a symmetrical airfoil.To find the mean camber line, it can be calculated using: To calculate for the thickness distribution, equation 2. 3 is used. Currently in the market, there are several NACA 4 series airfoil generators. These generators calculate the coordinates of the airfoil shape. However, it does not take into consideration of the l oad that the airfoil will be taking, meaning the surface area of the wings are not taking into consideration. There is also not much program which enables the user to calculate the whole wing surface area and the lift generated by the wing with different airfoil design. 1. x Thin Airfoil Theory: For this project, the Thin Airfoil Theory will be use to compute the model airplane’s airfoil thickness and wing dimension as the thickness for the model airplane’s wing is not very thick. Thin airfoil theory was devised by German mathematician Max Munk and further refined by British aerodynamicist Hermann Glauert and others in 1920s. It is a simple theory of airfoils that relates the angle of attack to lift. The theory idealizes the flow around an airfoil as a 2 dimensional flow around a thin airfoil.At low angles of incidence, the boundary layer growth on an airfoil is thin and remains attached to the airfoil. Therefore the airflow is assumed to be inviscid and irrotational. Since the thickness of any lifting airfoil is less than a fifth of its chord length, the effect of the airfoil’s thickness can be neglected and the airfoil will be represented by its mean camber line. A mathematically conceived function in the form of a vortex sheet is then placed along the length of the camber line to simulate the airfoil. This essentially makes it a streamline of the flow.By applying the circulation theory of lift to this streamline, the aerodynamic properties of the airfoils are obtained. The airfoil is considered as having zero thickness and infinite wingspan. This the reason why the theory does not take into consideration the induced drag that arises from the wing tips of an airfoil. Therefore it is only good for approximating an airfoil with medium and large aspect ratio and only up to the stall angle which is usually 10 to 15 degree for typical airplane configuration. Any angle beyond 15 degree, the thin airfoil theory cannot be used to calculate the c oefficient of lift.Thin airfoil theory is important as it provided a theoretical basis for the important properties of the airfoils in 2 dimensional flows: * The centre of pressure lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge on a symmetric airfoil. * The aerodynamic centre lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge for cambered airfoil. * The slope of the lift coefficient versus angle of attack line is 2? units per radian. There are many formulae that states the derivation of the thon airfoil theory, but we don’t require those for our project and so its neglected. xi Flat Plate Airfoil Theory:Flat plate theory is applied to airfoils as the thickness is also the constituent of drag in the airfoil. The flat plate when it is subjected to airflow the drag minimum as compared to the other shapes with reasonable thickness. Thickness cannot be neglected as it also plays a vital role in the camber surface as it produces lift. The transition point can be pushed back a s we reduce the drag in an airfoil by which we can get a good lift curve for higher degrees. In case of boundary layer, the drag in a flat plate will be laminar for a certain period of time and it then become turbulent.There is no unique valve where the stream gets turbulent, but by keeping the laminar surface clean and free stream, one can delay the renolds number. Figure 2. 10: Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent boundary layer EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS Introduction: These experiments below are done using xflr5 program. NACA 4 digit series airfoils are been used in the analysis. In the final analysis, NACA airfoils ranging from 0 to 9% of camber magnitude, 10 to 70% of camber location and 3% to 30% of thickness airfoils are analysed to get an airfoil of better performance with high to lift to drag ratio.Exercise A: Effect of Angle of Attack Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 1000000 M = 0. 00 Part 1: In this part, the pressure profiles for different angle of attack are to be discussed. AOA( Alpha ) : -4 to 16 degrees with a step of 4 degrees Figure 3. 1: Pressure profiles plot of NACA 0012 Angle of attack(alpha)| Cl| Cd| -4| -0. 429| 0. 007| 0| -0. 00| 0. 005| 4| 0. 429| 0. 007| 8| 0. 910| 0. 012| 12| 1. 242| 0. 020| 16| 1. 301| 0. 050| Part 2: In this part we discuss about the lift, drag and their coefficients. Angle of Attack (alpha) = -4 to 18 degrees with a step of 0. degrees Figure 3. 2: Drag coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 3: Lift coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 4: Glide ratio and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 5: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot Analysis: Part 1: In this part, the angle of attack is changed from -4 degrees to 16 degrees with fixed Reynolds number and Mach number. The pressure profiles seem to have gradual increase in both negative and positive values on Cp. As the angle of attack increases, the lift and drag increases to a certain limit and stalls.Maximum lift is at 14 degrees and thus stall occurs. Cl max is 1. 36. It is consistent as Bernoulli’s approach on analysis. Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is varied from -4 degrees to 18 degrees. Re and M is same as above. The lift curve passes through the origin, so zero lift is at origin (0 degrees). Max Cl is at 1. 36 where the stall angle is at 4 degrees. The maximum glide ratio is 75. 86 and at this point the values of Cl is 0. 8685, value of Cd is 0. 0115 and the value of alpha is 7. 5 degrees. Exercise B: Effect of Reynolds number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00Part 1: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000 to 2. 1 million with an increment of 400000 Figure 3. 6: Pressure profiles plot Part 2: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number and Angle of attack in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000, 500000, 900000, 2100000, 4000000. AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 7: Glide ratio and alpha plot Figure 3. 8: Drag coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 9: Lift coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 10: Lift and Drag polarRe number| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 100000| 0. 97| 10. 5| 36. 5| 0. 61| 0. 017| 5 degrees| 500000| 1. 21| 13. 5| 61. 9| 0. 72| 0. 012| 6 degrees| 900000| 1. 35| 14. 5| 73. 6| 0. 86| 0. 011| 7. 5 degrees| 2100000| 1. 57| 17| 92. 5| 0. 97| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 4000000| 1. 67| 18. 5| 107. 3| 1. 073| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this case there is an increase in the pressure values as increase in Re number and the transition is point is pushed backwards in the curve with Reynolds number 4000000 than the curves with Reynolds number less than that.Part 2: In this case, the transition point is brought backwards as there is an increase in the boundary layer. It just pushes the stall angle further towards the leading edge. For Re= 100000, drag is increased more at high angle of attack. For high Re number, lift coefficient is more than low Re number and the drag is minimised at high angle of attack in high Re number curves. Exercise C: Effect of Mach number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 2 million Part 1: In this part, we are discussing about the effects in forces due to change in Mach number. Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00, 0. 1, 0. 02, 0. 03 Figure 3. 11: Pressure plot of M=0. 00 Figure 3. 12: Pressure plot of M=0. 01 Figure 3. 13: Pressure plot of M=0. 2 Figure 3. 14: Pressure plot of M=0. 3 Part 2: In this part, we are going to see the difference in the curves for different Mach numbers mentioned in part 1 and also with Angle of attacks from -4 to 30 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 15: Lift coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 16: Drag coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 17: Glide ratio and Alpha Figure 3. 8: Lift and Drag polar M| Cl Max| Stall angle(degrees)| Cl/Cd Max| Cl at Cl/C d Max| Cd at Cl/Cd Max| Alpha at Cl/Cd Max| 0. 0| 1. 560| 17| 91. 5| 0. 975| 0. 0104| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 1| 1. 540| 16. 5| 91. 25| 0. 985| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 2| 1. 475| 15. 5| 90. 3| 1. 00| 0. 0115| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 3| 1. 355| 73| 88. 4| 0. 97| 0. 0110| 8 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this analysis, there is a change in pressure (Cp). As the Mach number increases, the value of Cp increases in the negative values. Due to the increase in speed, the transition point in moved towards the leading edge and stall angle decreases.Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is also changed with the Mach number. We can see the effect of lift and drag from the values in the table given above in part 2. At the highest AOA the Cl value is increased. As the Mach number increases, the value of Cl max and the stalling angle drops down as it tends to stall soon in high ach number. Exercise D: Effect of Thickness In this exercise, various airfoils of different thickness are used. The values are ta ken from the program and compared with each other. Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. Airfoils = NACA 0004, NACA 0008, NACA 0012, NACA 0016, NACA 0020 Figure 3. 19: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 20: Glide ratio and Alpha plotFigure 3. 21: Lift coefficients and Drag coefficient plot Figure 3. 22: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot NACA airfoils| Max Cl| Stalling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 0004| 0. 96| 20| 48. 1| 0. 325| 0. 007| 3 degrees| 0008| 1. 15| 11. 5| 79. 85| 0. 775| 0. 010| 7 degrees| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 52| 0. 977| 0. 010| 8. 5 degrees| 0016| 1. 578| 18| 93. 10| 1. 228| 0. 013| 11 degrees| 0020| 1. 45| 18. 5| 92. 4| 1. 000| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Due to the thickness, there is a change in lift as it can be observed in figure 3. 13. As NACA 0004 is thin, it stalls soon. But NACA 0020 and NACA 0016 airfoils has high value of Cl and this attains at almost 18 degrees o f AOA. From this it can be said that, if thickness increases the lift increases, but its for certain limit as Cl max drops in NACA 0020. The curves given above for each airfoil cannot be believed till end. This is only applicable theoretically that if an airfoil begins to stall, it can regain its lift after some angle further.In practical application, it is false. The curves can be believed till the first major stall occurs which attains Cl max. Exercise E: Effect of camber, magnitude In this exercise, the airfoils of different camber are been discussed i. e. the first digit of the NACA 4 digit series is been changed and compared. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 0312, NACA 1312, NACA 2312, NACA 3312 Figure 3. 23: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 23: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 24: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 5: Lift and Drag coefficients plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| S talling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd atMax Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| Zero Lift| 0012| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0 degree| 0312| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0degree| 1312| 1. 610| 17| 98. 4| 0. 901| 0. 0094| 7 degrees| -1degree| 2312| 1. 664| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0071| 5. 5degrees| -2degree| 3312| 1. 712| 16. 5| 140. 5| 1. 008| 0. 0072| 6 degrees| -3degree| Analysis: As the magnitude of the camber is changed, the lift is attained way before than a normal airfoil with less camber surface.Symmetrical airfoil is that in which upper and lower surface are same and asymmetrical has various shapes in it. In these two types, the symmetrical airfoil produces less lift-drag ratio than asymmetrical airfoils. Due to the camber in the airfoil, in NACA 1312, NACA 2312 and NACA 3312 has started producing lift at negative angles as other two produces only after 0 degrees. Hence the lift is acquired soon and as angle increases, the drag produced is also less than in airfoils NACA 0012 and NACA 0312. Exercise F: Effect of camber, locationIn this exercise, we change the location of the camber and analyse their changes in curves. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 2112, NACA 2312, NACA 2512, NACA 2712 Figure 3. 26: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 27: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 28: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 29: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max CL/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at MaxCL/Cd| Zero lift(degrees)| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 5| 0. 55| 0. 0103| 8. 5degrees| 0| 2112| 1. 726| 17| 117. 0| 1. 145| 0. 0128| 12degrees| -1. 85| 2312| 1. 675| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0072| 5. 5degrees| -2. 02| 2512| 1. 694| 17| 111. 0| 0. 769| 0. 0068| 4. 5degrees| -2. 37| 2712| 1. 741| 17| 102. 5| 0. 962| 0. 0093| 6 degrees| -3. 056| Analysis: In this analysi s, the location of the camber is changed in each airfoil and hence so, we can find the change in Cl max and glide ratio which are key factors here. Fluctuation in the glide ratio can be seen, as it increases in NACA 2312 and decreases when going further increase in camber location.There are minor deflections in the stalling angle as that cannot be accurately calculated. Thus changing the camber location increases lift to some extend as further increase in camber value may cause drag. Exercise G: Finding the best values of a NACA airfoils In this section of analysis, we are using the airfoils of wide range with about 0-9%c camber magnitude, with 10-70%c of camber location and with 3-30% thickness range. We are yet to find the best airfoil with Cl max, largest stalling angle and Cl/Cd(Glide ratio). Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. degrees. Graphs: Figure 3. 30: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 31: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 32 : Glide ratio and Alpha(Re= 200000) Analysis: From the graph 3. 30, we can figure out the maximum Cl value is given by NACA 9318 of about 2. 3. And maximum Cl value when alpha(AOA) is 0 is given by NACA 9718 as per the figure. And hence the airfoil with largest stalling angle also can be seen, as it is NACA 9718. This airfoil though it has less Cl max, it stalls late compared to other airfoils. Its stall angle is going more than 20 degrees.

Analysis of a Pepsi Advertisement

Pepsi attempts to relate to their target audience by appealing to the sentimental side in all of us. In their ad they target the desires and beliefs and values of every American child and the child within all of us by using the symbolic images of the Christmas season and the magic that season brings with it. In this advertisement for Pepsi, a Teddy Bear is seen hanging on a string of lights on a Christmas tree with one hand while with the other he is reaching for the open Pepsi with a candy cane. This advertisement for Pepsi is trying to evoke emotions and to link those emotions to their product. One look at this ad and immediately the â€Å"awww†¦. † Factor is engaged. They do a very good job linking their product to a magical season and the special emotions associated with this season that brings out the child in all of us. When you look at the ad even closer you see the warm crackling fire in the background, bringing about the warm feelings of hearth and home and the nostalgic feelings associated with these subtle but powerful images. By using the Christmas season in their ad they get you to transfer the feelings that this magical season brings out in all of us to their product. They want you to believe that their product is so magical, so desirable and a good representation of a family oriented product by using the images of hearth and home at the most magical time of year. They link to the desires and feeling of what the average family oriented American wants or should want (if you are to believe the advertising industry) by using these powerful images. They want you to transfer the nostalgic feeling of family, hearth and home to their product. They go even further with the use of another powerful childhood image and an icon in American culture, the Teddy Bear, to relate to the inner child in all of us. The Teddy bear is seen in the ad reaching for what he most desires, the candy cane by using the tools that are readily at his disposal, in this case, a candy cane, (another powerful symbol of the season) to reach what he wants so bad.

The Development of Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Development of Modern Art - Essay Example This paper will discuss five of the best artists in the Contemporary period. Each of these artists will be analyzed in terms of their inspirations, styles, and techniques that they have applied to their works; works of which have contributed to the development of Contemporary Art. The list of contemporary artists includes Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer, and Kara Walker.Upon the onset of the Modern Period, Jackson Pollock is one of those who had staged a significant feat in art development. Pollock, considered as one of the greatest contemporary painters in American art history, was part of a period where the Modernist Movement of 1920 was slowly transformed into the Post-Modernist Movement of Contemporary art history. In the New World, Pollock was known as an important member of a group of artists called the New York School. The New York School, more of a unified and collective artistic idea rather than a concrete institution, was popularly known as the Abstract Expressionists (Getlein 497). It was in this influence that Pollock acquired his unique style unto his works. His art established a new kind of visual that many had not seen before. In line with the Abstract Expressionists, the artist derived a direct influence from Surrealism. His technique showcased automatism and focused on the aesthetic powers of the unconscious. Being a painter of the mentioned genre, Pollock always exhibited large scale works in the literal sense. He used huge canvass sizes – this was to take his audience into the very essence of his paintings. The emphasis on huge painting canvasses is an essential part of Abstract Expressionists in order to highlight the effect of the entire piece (Getlein 497). The bizarre characteristics of the artist’s works bring out the very sense of post-modernism in his style. The perfection of his â€Å"drip technique† (Getlein 497) brings out the chaos ever present in his works. Yet, amidst this chaos, order, and beauty emerges as the by-product of Pollock’s hard work. This trait of â€Å"order out of chaos† is the true and sole criterion of good post-modern artwork (Libby).

Professional standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional standards - Essay Example These principles arise from case laws. It can also be distinguished by the fact that breach depends on the actions of an individual and not on a previous agreement between parties as seen in contract law (HODGSON, et al, 2007). There are some examples of tort law which include; negligence, intentional torts, and nuisance. Negligence is the most common type of tort where the behaviour of an individual poses an unreasonable risk to people or property. The tort of negligence is established when it can be proven that there is an existence of duty of care between the two parties who are the defendant and the plaintiff. Secondly, when proven that the loss of harm was reasonably foreseeable. Also if it is established if there is a breach of duty on the part of the defendant. This is where it is proven that his behaviour falls below the threshold set for a reasonable person. Finally, negligence is proven if due to the defendant’s breach, there was loss or injury to the part of the pla intiff. Nuisance is a tort which implies that people should not interfere with other people right to quiet through the noise and pollution. If they do so, they are liable under the nuisance tort law. Finally, intentional tort covers acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm and cause harm. ... This is where the defendant needs to prove that the plaintiff was responsible for injury to some degree. If this is proven, the claimant will not recover anything. Also, the claimant recovers nothing if it can be proven that he voluntarily submitted himself to the injury, and he had knowledge of the risk. Finally, if it can also be proven that the injury or harm was as a result of the actions of a third party (LEVINSON, 2002). Statement analysis Looking at the below statements, some aspects clearly come up. â€Å"The standards of the profession, for example, are presumed by law to be reasonable standards. Such evidence is not by itself conclusive. It is not enough to act in accordance with a general practice if it ought to be apparent to a reasonable man that it is a negligent practice.’’ C.D. Baker (1991) These aspects include: the standards of profession where professionals are held according to the standards that are reasonable for a person within that profession. A person is not found guilty as long as they act according to what is expected in their field of work. This is seen in the case of Bolam Vs Friern Hospital Management Committee in 1957. In this case, Mr Bolam was a voluntary patient in a mental institution run by the Friern Hospital Management Committee. In the agreement, Mr Bolam agreed to undergo an electro-convulsive therapy. However, the procedure did not go well as he was not given a muscle relaxant. When he sued the hospital for neglect, it was seen that it was a common practice for professionals not to warn patients if the risk is small. It was also concluded that a medical profession should not be held guilty of negligence when he acts within his scope. They are not found guilty of neglect just because a

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 39

Marketing - Essay Example Around fifteen to twenty years back, most of the information was taken from the books in order to gain knowledge, but today knowledge is gained from the internet. All the libraries, journals, reports, and magazines can be accessed from the internet making it easy for people to get more knowledge (Muan). Another positive impact of technology on human relation is the communication, because human are able to contact each other from every part of the world which can create strong bonding between them. Apart from the technological advantages on human relations, there are many negative aspects of this advancement as well (Muan). Previously people use to coordinate with each other and discuss their issues but now, people have become more individualistic, and there is a certain distance between them. The families use to converse, argue, share joys within the members of the family, but technology has changed the human relations and now they desire to remain in their personal life that consist s of gadgets, cell phones, and internet (Muan). Every effort has its concluding point, but the advancement of technology has continued for many years, and it is expected that it will prolong in the upcoming years as well. There are many technologies that are not tested, yet but technologies that have been launched prove that it has become an integral part of humans and it is not possible for them to survive without technology. Since the role of the internet has become imperative for reaching the right target market and getting information of the clients, the role of technology in marketing has increased, and organizations now requires experts who can use and implement new technology in the marketing field (Shugan). The technology is significant for companies that are willing to apprehend their clients and building new relationships with these clients by using interacting tools. Previously, the organizations use to depend on their field persons for marketing

Compare and contracts between USA $ Saudi Arabia Essay

Compare and contracts between USA $ Saudi Arabia - Essay Example All differences aside, The United States of American and Saudi Arabia are both a geographic location that contains people. People are no different and need the same things in order to survive. The United States of America is home to many different seasons and has many different weather issues. The weather in the United States of America is made of hot days that reach one hundred and twenty degrees and cold days that are forty degrees below zero. The rapid changes of weather create seasons. The seasons produce rain, snow, wind and drought. These weather conditions make for a soil that is rich in produce and livestock. These pleasant but sometimes harsh weather conditions are quite different then weather in Saudi Arabia. Weather in Saudi Arabia is unlike the United States. In Saudi Arabia the temperatures get above one hundred and forty degrees at times. The harsh temperatures make for an unpleasant environment (LonelyPlanet2011). Most of the area is made of sand and large sand dunes. The heat makes it hard for produce to grow and water is not as abundant as the United States. There are sand storms that are comparable to a tornado in the United States. These sand storms are deadly and powerful. Saudi Arabia has seasons like the United States but not winter conditions. While the average temperature of the United States in the winter is twenty below zero, the temperature in Saudi Arabia would typically be seventy five degrees. The weather of the United States and Saudi Arabia shows many differences. Religious views are a huge topic of discussion when comparing and contrasting the United States and Saudi Arabia. In order to discuss the two religious views it is important to explore the history of the two nations. The United States of America was originally inhabited by Native American Indians. An explorer by the name of Christopher Columbus arrived in The United States and took over. He and the rest of his European explorers had a Catholic/Christian religious backgr ound. This religious background mainstreamed Christianity into The United States. Although Christianity is popular in the United States it is not the only religion. The freedom of The United States allows for the freedom to accept any religion. Many are Christian, Muslim and even Atheist. Some accept no religion. The ability to practice any religion without fear makes the United States a desirable location for immigrants. Saudi Arabia is completely different in the sense of religion. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace to Islam (MidEastWeb2003). Saudi Arabia, before becoming captivated by the Islam religion was mainly pagan. Those who were pagan likely converted to Christianity or Judaism. After the birth and teachings of Mohammed, about ninety percent of the Saudi Arabian population converted to Islam. The Islam religion is highly looked upon in Saudi Arabia. The popularity of the Muslim religion creates a barrier and the denial of other religions like Christianity and Judaism. Religion in the United States and Saudi Arabia has been the cause of many disputes in the past. To this day and since the beginning of history there has been war because of the religious differences. Religion and cultural differences is one of the number one factors for disputes between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Many influences like geographic location and religion play a role in the differences of the two cultures. The culture of the United States is very diverse. The United States culture consist of many different cultures put together. There are

Anishinnabe study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anishinnabe study - Assignment Example One of the steps of colonization was identified as being denial and withdrawal. The colonizers deny the availability of cultural and social beliefs for the indigenous people. The second step was denial or eradication. The colonizers destroy any representation of the local people. The third step is denigration of the existing cultural practices by establishing their structures and social systems in the colony. The fourth step is tokenism of the colonial remnants who survive the onslaught of the colonizers. Finally, there is transformation and exploitation. The traditional culture that refuses to die is transformed into the dominating culture of the colonial society The Indian act emerged from the consolidation of the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 and the Gradual Civilization Act 1857 in 1876. One of the changes in the Indian Act is the ban of Potlatch that was a ceremony of the coastal first Nations in the west. Another change is the 1951 amendments which enacted after the Second World War. The atrocities of the war were most effective on the aboriginal people in Canada. Another change on the Act was Bill C-31 and gender discrimination which aimed to minimize gender bias. According to Johnson, treaties were the instruments that gave Europeans the rights to share resources, build relationships and settle among the natives. He discussed issues of justice system, political divisions, reconciliation law and reconciliation among

The sustainability of Organizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The sustainability of Organizing - Essay Example It is this trust that helps an organization to be fruitful and develop. By using the word 'trust' it is not meant to be applicable to any specific firm or individual. It is not only applicable towards clients and suppliers but it is relevant to everybody associated with the company or organization. This principle could be formulated into a HR technique that would yield surplus in the long run. Trust is not just about the stake holders of the company but more so it is applicable towards its employees too. There is no meaning of showing a bright future where there is none; rather it would be far more positive attitude to reveal everything that is true about the organization. It is not only a moral approach but a trust building operation that would prove to be helpful in future and a HR manager would never let go a chance to win the faith of a worker. (Mukherjee, 28) Revealing the open truth about the company is the most effective way of taking an employee into complete confidence. If the statement 'man is a social animal' is true then this management principal would be the best possible relevant example of it. Consider this- every individual is shaped by the virtue of his or her environment (Lamb, 23). Therefore it is obvious that an employee would be governed by the nature of workplace he or she is associated with.

Substance abuse counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substance abuse counseling - Essay Example The Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-2011 edition stated that ‘persons interested in counseling should have a strong desire to help others and should be able to inspire respect, trust and confidence.’ This description would eliminate persons who are not people oriented or those who tend to be intrinsic or selfish in their desires. Apart from the requirements stated in the handbook it takes someone who possesses a strong character, a strong will and one who is able to separate himself from the problems of his client yet is caring enough to use all the facilities at his disposal in the search for a solution. The counselor should someone with a genuine interest in persons having this type of mental order. A person without this strong conviction will easily become frustrated in the face of challenges and problems associated with substance abuse counseling. The situations are often challenging so a counselor should be someone with great courage, having excellent interpersonal skills. One of the qualifications as outlined in the handbook is that a counselor must possess high physical and emotional energy. This is needed to deal effectively with the stressful cases and situations that are present on a regular basis. In some instances the counselor may work with groups or families but for the most part the job involves situations where they have to perform their tasks on an individual basis. The counselor has to be someone who has the ability to work independently or also work as a team. He should be a good listener and someone that has good rapport. He or she also has to be patient and develop measures of avoiding confrontation that can disrupt the counseling process. The counselor also has to adhere to the code of ethics. The American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice provide guidelines for counselors enabling them to make decisions that will uphold a high level of professionalism and ethical

Training & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Training & Development - Essay Example Consequently, there is a need to ensure that the company remains ahead of the competition. Management realised that there is no better way to achieve this rather than through the use of training and development. (Paisley, 1999) Policies at M&S will be measured against the backdrop of ‘best practise’ models. The model is based upon the belief that when organisations adopt certain human resource strategies, they are able to make their employees highly motivated. As a result, those employees will become more efficient and they will help in the realisation of competitive advantage within the organisation. Best practice applies to various sectors that include retention of employees, performance improvement, enhancing and promoting training and development, enhancing corporate culture, enforcing organisational structure and also in the determination of pay costs. However, for purposes of this report, we shall mainly focus on training and development. The Research primarily focuses on the use of secondary sources of data. This is because secondary data gives an overall picture of the situation at Marks and Spencer. It allows one to obtain all the relevant information to the research question and compile them to come up with new answers. If primary sources like interviews had been used, it would have been difficult to see the overall picture as results are mostly person centred. (Schutt, 2006) Secondary data allows comparisons between different elements of the research that would otherwise have been too complex to collect using primary sources. Consequently, there are very accurate results that come out of the usage of such a source of data. (Banta, 2007) However, one must not under look the disadvantages of this method of data collection. First of all, it does not allow the progression from developing a research question, collecting data and formulating a hypothesis

Basic Electrical Components Essay Example for Free

Basic Electrical Components Essay Electrical and What it is The work of an Automotive Service Technician also known as a Mechanic has changed from normal mechanical repair to a high knowledge and very technical job. Today, integrated electronic systems and complex computers run and maintain vehicles. They also measure their performance while on the road and can adjust to certain conditions. Technicians must have a good base of knowledge about how vehicles components work and interact, as well as the capability to work with electronic diagnostic equipment and computer based vehicles. The most important system of your vehicle would definitely be the electrical system; the electrical system maintains almost everything in you car; from climate control to just adjusting your seat. There are many components to an electrical circuit that many people don’t know of. There are tons of different switching devices, protection devices, moving devices and plain old ingenious devices that seem to not even be possible. The car industry has really turned to upgrading there vehicles with more electrical devices to make the driver more comfortable when operating this brilliant machine. The most updated electrical device on a vehicle that I can think of is the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), which actually measures a wireless sensor that is installed in your tire to let you know if your tire pressures are off. The first thing that I would like to do is explain what electricity is in an automobile. Electricity is the worlds most widely used source if energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor to eventually be used to supply a load of some sort. The electrons flow from positive to negative. In order to understand how an electric charge moves from one atom to another, you need to learn a little about atoms. Everything that surrounds us is made of atoms; every piece of grass, every plant, every animal. The human body is made up of a great amount of atoms. Air and water are made if atoms too. Atoms are the building block of the universe and without them there would be nothing. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are created by even smaller elements. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are extremely tiny, but electrons are much smaller. Electrons also rotate around the nucleus in there orbit a good distance from the nucleus. The proton is the positive charge and the electrons have the negative charge. These protons and electrons are rotating around the neutron in there orbit. These electrons can be bumped and moved out of their orbits. Applying a force can make the electrons move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity. There are a few types of measurements to electricity that you will have to know. The first measurement that almost everyone has heard of is voltage. Voltage is the amount of pressure applied to push the electrons in the circuit. The second measurement is amperes also known as amps. Amps are the amount of current flowing through the circuit. For example; think of a regular neighborhood street. It is just a small street that is normally a low speed for vehicles, if we were to measure the speed in witch the cars are going we would get a small ampere reading maybe even milliamps. Now if we were to look at a sky view of a fast speed highway with more lanes you can see the amount of cars passing through is faster. That would be a high amount of amps. The last measurement of electricity that we use on cars today is resistance. Resistance is a property that slows the electrons. It is measured in Ohms the thing that resists a circuit is the load like a light bulb. The light bulb slows the electrons in the filament witch then creates heat, once heat is created then the gas inside the bulb glows. There is a part that is used inside cars called a resistor in a electrical circuit and what it does is slows the current flow in the circuit to make whatever load you have move slower. For example a variable resistor is used for the dash lights, you can control how much current is flowing through that circuit to dim the lights. So how does a battery work? A battery doesn’t make electrons; it holds them like a storage tank. A battery is made of two different metals that are opposite of each other and a chemical solution (Battery acid) that lets electrons flow through it. Electrons inside the battery are stationary at the negative terminal until a circuit is completed on the outside of the terminals. Once the circuit is completed the electrons pass from the negative plate to the positive plate and out the positive terminal. Once the electrons are at the positive terminal they pass through the circuit, used up by the load (for example a light bulb) and completed at the negative terminal which then goes to the negative plate. Once the circuit is opened the electrons are stationary at the plates until the circuit starts again. A battery is measured by amps; how fast current can flow through it and how much load it can take

Business to Consumer Marketing Essay Example for Free

Business to Consumer Marketing Essay Increase in the use of Internet use means that marketing on the internet has also gained popularity. People turn towards the Internet to search for basic information on any items they are interested in, whether for personal use or for business, and to a lesser extent they may want to purchase it from the convenience of their home or office. From the business point of view, this means the companies need to pay special attention to their website, as it represents the company in cyber space. Not only the extent of information available on their site, but the user-friendliness of the website, search ability of the site, how fast the website loads, are also important factors. All these factors are also dependent on the target market of the company, whether they are engaged in B2B (business-to-business) or B2C (business-to-consumer) marketing. For instance, B2B customers are more concerned with technical aspect of the product, the warranty provided and the customer services. For B2C customers, the design and over all look of the product may be equally important as the functionalities. This article discusses the differences and similarities between B2C and B2B marketing that should be there in an ideal or a well-planned website. Features of Online Marketing Before being specific about what B2B and B2C marketing should ideally target, I’ll be discussing the common features any marketing site should have. It is also important knowing that a company is represented by one site, and this should give all the relevant information to all its stakeholders, in a manner which is easily accessible and gives only relevant information. The postings on an e-information typically fall into these five categories, according to Etzel, Walker and Stanton (2004): Company Background and General Information: This category covers the history of the company, its mission and vision, corporate philosophy and general orientation. It may also include financial performance of the company and other investor related information, the structure of the company, its operations and global/local divisions and branches, and profile of the management team. This portion is usually accessible to everyone and needs to be presented clearly to both categories of customers – individuals and business consumers. Current Business Operations: This category caters to the company’s customers. This is where division of any kind may come in. For customers this section provides product descriptions, dealer contact information and payment terms and structure. For the business partners, this may consider more technical details, how to contact the relevant business personnel, the different packages available etc. Because the company needs to know about its potential customers, and some of the information in this section may be confidential, access may be restricted by requiring the users to register and give their email address, which allows them to be kept updated with new company’s happenings if they choose to keep updated. This is a place where there is a two-way communication open, minimal though it may be, and companies should focus on those aspects which are valued by their target market. Links:Â  This category has connections to other related sites. This is important for B2B customers who may wish to contact a dealer near their place of business, or to get more information. Attraction and Entertainment Features: This is more important for B2C customers and includes those features and tools which make the site more interesting and unique for customers. For B2B sites, it is more important to be uncluttered, present the information in a style that is easy-to-read and understand, and the site itself should be easy to navigate. Contact Point:Â  This provides usually an email address for visitors, to make a comment or for queries and should also provide a phone number. This is an opportunity to interact directly with the company and is a major advantage of internet over traditional media. However, this should be paid attention to, as unanswered queries and negatively affect the company’s business. B2B Online Marketing: B2B sites specifically cater to corporate clients. This implies that the decision making process is longer for the customers and the company should cater to that. Also, services usually provided are in-house services or regarding maintenance software or similar services to increase the productivity and profitability of the company. The characteristics of B2B sites include an attempt to automate trading process on the website. This is more convenient, saves time as well as money. This is important as even though B2C sites are generally more popular, however, the amount of money in transactions is greater for B2B sites. This means that security is also important for any company, including keeping the information provided by the corporate client. Also, the company should try to differentiate itself from the competition by using and promoting its USP (unique selling proposition). This can be done both online as well as offline using traditional methods of advertising, tradeshows, field sales etc. By automating the processes and as much of their supply chain as possible, the company is saving costs in the long run, thus allowing it to compete on price basis as well. Ideally, B2B sites should also have a registration option for business customers who may wish to learn more. By registering themselves on the site, it allows for more human intervention and a two-way communication. This can make an online business transactions more long lasting which is important in businesses. B2C Online Marketing: Sites which specifically cater to a target group to promote goods and services fall into this category. The more popular sites include Amazon. com and eBay. com. B2C sites are more transaction-oriented in general. Though both sites allow transactions, consumers are usually online and in a position to transact and purchase immediately, as they take less time than businesses for decision making. This is because B2B consumers are more investigative and seek more information from different channels and sources. B2C sites also try to create relationships with customers to enhance the brand loyalty of consumers and ensure that their queries are answered. Though, this is more difficult and companies need to ensure that this process does not adversely harm the operations of the company. B2C sites simultaneously also use offline methods along with online advertising. Online tools can include interactive websites, online communities and discussion forums, email marketing, pop-ups, cost per click advertising such as Google AdWords etc. However, the challenge for any company lies in finding the right mix of advertising and promotion which maximizes profits and minimizes costs. However, good B2C sites allows the consumers to shop faster and in a more convenient manner, offerings and prices obtained are in real-time and can be changed as required and call centres are usually integrated along with the websites allowing interaction between the companies and the end-users. Conclusion: Research shows that more than actual purchase, consumers are using the internet more for research about the product and to make a more informed purchase decision, which is truer for the business consumers. Thus, the company should realize that not all visitors may purchase from their site; however most of them will be researching the company’s products and the information available will be a significant factor in the final decision. This is true to a lesser extent for consumers, because individuals tend to display customer loyalty, thus they may research more to confirm their original decision rather than look at competition’s information. Also, in B2C more emphasis is on price comparisons as customers usually go online shopping to obtain the best price possible. This is also lower than the price in offline stores in some cases as it saves the cost of the intermediary or any dealer involved. In B2B, competition on a global basis ensures that the companies no longer can ignore online marketing and it is necessary to keep up with the competition. Initiatives such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and just in time inventory are changing the way business is being done. This combined with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ensures that the way companies do business with other businesses has changed and they need to use innovative ways to make their presence felt online. (Furlong, 2001)

Planeación estratégica

Planeacià ³n estratà ©gica REPASO DE CONCEPTOS Bà SICOS Planeacià ³n: Proceso de establecer objetivos y escoger el medio mà ¡s apropiado para el logro de los mismos. Planeacià ³n estratà ©gica: Proceso por el cual los miembros guà ­a de una organizacià ³n prevà ©n su futuro y desarrolla los procedimientos y operaciones necesarias para alcanzarlo. La planeacià ³n estratà ©gica debe de responder a 3 preguntas:  ¿Hacia dà ³nde va?  ¿Cuà ¡l es el entorno?  ¿Cà ³mo lograrlo? La estrategia se involucra en 6 factores crà ­ticos Desarrollo consistente, explicito y proactivo Medio para establecer el propà ³sito en la organizacià ³n basado en los objetivos de largo plazo, planes de accià ³n y asignacià ³n de recursos En quà © tipo de negocio se està ¡ La estrategia representa una respuesta al FODA para la ventaja competitiva La estrategia ayuda a diferenciar las tareas ejecutivas y administrativas y los roles a nivel corporativo de negocio y funcionales. Constituye una forma de definir la contribucià ³n econà ³mica y no econà ³mica que la organizacià ³n harà ¡ a sus grupos de interà ©s, su razà ³n de ser. Administracià ³n estratà ©gica: Es la ejecucià ³n de la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica. Planeacià ³n tà ¡ctica y operativa: Se relacionan a cà ³mo hacer el trabajo, mientras que la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica se dedica a decir quà © se debe hacer. DIRECCIONAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO: Es una disciplina que a travà ©s de un proceso denominado planeacià ³n estratà ©gica compila la estrategia de mercado que define la orientacià ³n de los productos y servicios hacia el mercado.  ¿Por quà © es importante desarrollar un plan estratà ©gico? La necesidad de contar con una visià ³n comà ºn y un sentido de trabajo en equipo El deseo de controlar el destino de la empresa El afà ¡n de obtener mà ¡s recursos para la operacià ³n. La percepcià ³n de que los à ©xitos operativos actuales de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a no eran garantà ­a para el futuro La necesidad de salir de los problemas La oportunidad de explotar un nueva coyuntura o abordar una nueva amenaza. La necesidad de pasarse la antorcha y cargarla cuando hay relevos en la direccià ³n. La planeacià ³n puede tener 4 enfoques: Reactiva o planeacià ³n a travà ©s del espejo retrovisor Inactiva o que va con la corriente Preactiva o que se prepara para el futuro Proactiva o que diseà ±a el futuro y hace que à ©ste suceda. ESTRATEGIAS Para el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio se debe conocer el perfil estratà ©gico de la empresa, el cual incluye: Su enfoque de innovacià ³n Su orientacià ³n hacia la toma de riesgos Su capacidad de crear el futuro en forma proactiva Su posicià ³n competitiva Elementos del diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio: Identificar las principales là ­neas de negocios o actividades estratà ©gicas que la empresa desarrollara para cumplir su misià ³n. Establecer los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito que permitirà ¡n a la organizacià ³n al progreso en cada là ­nea de negocio. Identificar las acciones estratà ©gicas mediante las cuales la empresa lograrà ¡ su visià ³n de la condicià ³n futura ideal. Determinar la cultura necesaria para apoyar el logro de las là ­neas de negocio, los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito y las acciones estratà ©gicas. Grandes estrategias: Una gran estrategia consiste en un enfoque amplio y general que guà ­a las acciones de una là ­nea de negocio. Las grandes estrategias indican la manera como se pretenden lograr los planes estratà ©gicos de cada là ­nea de negocio. Pierce y Robinson identifican 12 grandes estrategias: Crecimiento concentrado o concentrarse en un solo producto que haya sido el soporte rentable de la organizacià ³n. Desarrollo del mercado, es decir, agregar nuevos consumidores a los mercados relacionados. Desarrollo de productos, es decir, crear productos nuevos y relacionados que se puedan vender en los mercados existentes. Innovacià ³n, o generacià ³n de productos tan novedosos y superiores que los existentes se vuelvan obsoletos. Integracià ³n horizontal, es decir, adquirir o fusionarse con una organizacià ³n similar, para reducir la competencia. Integracià ³n vertical: desarrollar una red interna de suministros o desarrollar un sistema de distribucià ³n interna que acerque mà ¡s la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a a sus usuarios finales. Joint-venture o hacer equipo con otra organizacià ³n para desarrollar un nuevo producto o mercado. Diversificacià ³n concà ©ntrica: adquirir o fusionarse con otras empresas que sean compatibles con la tecnologà ­a, mercados o productos de la empresa. Diversificacià ³n: adquirir o fusionarse con una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que equilibre sus fortalezas y debilidades. Atrincheramiento o reversar las tendencias negativas en las utilidades mediante una variedad de mà ©todos de reduccià ³n de costos. Desistimiento: vender por completo o cerrar definitivamente un segmento de la organizacià ³n. Liquidacià ³n o venta total de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de acuerdo con sus activos tangibles y cierre definitivo. MODELO DE PLANEACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA (PE) Para la realizacià ³n de un plan estratà ©gico es necesario seguir los siguientes pasos: 1. Planeacià ³n para planear: Obtener respuestas antes de la inicializacià ³n de cualquier proceso de planeacià ³n. (Quien, cuando, donde, como.) 2. Monitoreo del entorno: Se debe monitorear 4 entornos principales: Macroentorno Industrial Competitivo Interno de la organizacià ³n 3. Bà ºsqueda de valores: Consiste en un examen de los valores actuales, la filosofà ­a de trabajo, los supuestos en las operaciones, la cultura organizacional, los valores de los grupos de interà ©s en su futuro. Valor segà ºn Rokeach: una conviccià ³n permanente de que una forma especà ­fica de conducta o estado final de existencia se prefiere de manera personal o social ante una forma opuesta de conducta o condicià ³n final de existencia. 4. Formulacià ³n de la misià ³n: Desarrollar un enunciado claro del tipo de negocio en que se halla la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. (Que, para quien, cà ³mo y por quà ©.) 5. Diseà ±o de la estrategia de negocio: Implica el intento inicial de la organizacià ³n para descubrir en detalle los pasos a travà ©s de los cuales se logra la misià ³n de la organizacià ³n. Acciones del proceso de diseà ±o: Identificar: LDN: productos o servicios que ofrecerà ¡ la organizacià ³n en el futuro. Establecer: ICE: indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito. Identificar acciones estratà ©gicas mediante las cuales la empresa lograrà ¡ su visià ³n de la condicià ³n futura ideal. Determinar la cultura necesaria para apoyar a las 3 anteriores. 6. Auditoria del desempeà ±o: Desarrollar una comprensià ³n clara de del desempeà ±o actual. FODA, el propà ³sito es poder proporcionar datos para el anà ¡lisis de brechas. 7. Anà ¡lisis de Brechas: Identificar las brechas entre el desempeà ±o actual y el desempeà ±o que se requiere para la exitosa realizacià ³n del modelo de estrategia del negocio. Evaluacià ³n de la realidad vs auditoria del desempeà ±o. El fin es cerrar las brechas entre lo actual y lo deseado en la estrategia de negocios, para ello està ¡n: Ampliar el tiempo para lograr el objetivo, Reducir el alcance del objetivo, Reasignar los recursos y obtener nuevos recursos. 8. Integracià ³n de los planes de accià ³n: Cada LDN debe desarrollar estrategias o planes maestros de negocios. Diversas unidades deben desarrollar planes operativos con base al plan. Pierce y Robinson hablan de 12 estrategias diferentes que se pueden implementar: Crecimiento Concentrado (en un solo producto) Desarrollo de Mercado Desarrollo del producto (crear nuevos bienes) Innovacià ³n Integracià ³n Horizontal Integracià ³n vertical Joint Venture ( Unirse solo para formar un nuevo producto) Diversificacià ³n concà ©ntrica ( adquirir o fusionarse con compaà ±Ãƒ ­as compatibles) Diversificacià ³n Atrincheramiento ( reduccià ³n de costos ) Desposeimiento Liquidacià ³n 9. Planeacià ³n de Contingencias: La planeacià ³n de contingencias implica: Identificar las amenazas y las oportunidades internas y externas Desarrollar puntos de partida a fin de iniciar acciones para cada contingencia Acordar los pasos respectivos para cada punto de partida 10. Implementacià ³n: Implica la iniciacià ³n concurrente de de varios planes tà ¡cticos y operativos diseà ±ados en el nivel funcional mas el monitoreo y la integracià ³n de los planes a nivel organizacional. DEFINICIÓN DE LOS VALORES DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN: La bà ºsqueda de valores en la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica aplicada involucra un anà ¡lisis profundo de los siguientes 5 elementos: Los valores personales del equipo de planeacià ³n Los valores de la organizacià ³n como un todo La filosofà ­a de la organizacià ³n La cultura de la organizacià ³n Los grupos de interà ©s de la organizacià ³n Como manejar las diferencias de valores personales: No pasar por alto un escozor Trabajar en la diferencia antes que se convierta en un problema. Las personas que tienen diferencias deben dialogar y tratar de resolverlas por sus propias cuentas Es bueno solicitar sugerencias al consultor sobre como acercarse a la otra persona o como definir el asunto de la mejor manera. Si alguien se acerca a usted con una diferencia de valores debe estar dispuesto a trabajar con ella sobre ese problema. Si despuà ©s de haber intentado solucionar el problema por su propia cuenta, no hay ningà ºn cambio, debe buscar la ayuda de un consultor. Si un individuo se queja ante usted de los valores de otra persona, motà ­velo a analizar el asunto con dicha persona. ANà LISIS Y MONITOREO DEL ENTORNO: Dos aspectos del proceso y alcance del monitoreo del entorno: a. Tipos de informacià ³n obtenida y la forma como se debe utilizar esta b. Efectividad del sistema de compilacià ³n, almacenamiento, procesamiento, integracià ³n y difusià ³n de la informacià ³n. La informacià ³n debe identificar oportunidades y amenazas emergentes en el entorno externo. Luego debe identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades para responder a estas oportunidades y amenazas. Se deben examinar con regularidad 4 entornos: Macroentorno Entorno industrial Entorno competitivo Entorno interno organizacional Aspectos econà ³micos: Tasas de interà ©s, Ciclo del negocio (afecta a la contraccià ³n expansià ³n) 5 pasos para el sistema de bà ºsqueda de informacià ³n estratà ©gica: Identificar las necesidades de informacià ³n de la empresa en especial para la siguiente fase de la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica. Generar una lista de fuentes de informacià ³n que proporcionen datos esenciales. Identificar a quienes participaran en el proceso de monitoreo del entorno (no miembros del equipo de planeacià ³n). Asignar tareas de monitoreo a varios miembros de la organizacià ³n Almacenar y difundir la informacià ³n AUDITORIA DEL DESEMPEÑO: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe evaluar donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n actualmente con respeto a: Perfil estratà ©gico  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   LDN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Estrategias  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultura 1. Anà ¡lisis FODA: Fortalezas y debilidades internas: Identificar las debilidades que es necesario manejar o evitar cuando se formule el plan y asà ­ mismo las fortalezas que se pueden aprovechar para lograr el futuro deseado. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe estudiar competidores, proveedores, mercados y clientes, tendencias econà ³micas, condiciones del mercado laboral y reglamentos gubernamentales en todos los niveles que puedan influir en la empresa, en forma negativa o positiva. La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno debe cumplir con 5 à ¡reas clave: El estado de cada uno de las là ­neas de negocio actuales de la organizacià ³n y sus recursos no aprovechados con relacià ³n a cualquier là ­nea de negocio que se pueda agregar. El estado de sus sistemas de seguimiento, es decir, la disponibilidad de los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito identificados en el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio. El perfil estratà ©gico de la organizacià ³n, en especial, sus niveles de creatividad, sus niveles usuales de toma de riesgos y su enfoque de la competencia. Los recursos del sistema para ejecutar las diversas estrategias que la empresa ha escogido a fin de lograr su misià ³n, incluidas su estructura y talento administrativo. Un anà ¡lisis de la cultura organizacional actual, incluida su actual forma de realizar los negocios. 2. Là ­neas de negocio: El primer paso en la auditoria del desempeà ±o interno consiste en analizar cada là ­nea de negocio existente. Se debe tratar de utilizar los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito establecidos durante el diseà ±o de la estrategia de negocio. Esto permitirà ¡ determinar si hay un sistema de seguimiento adecuado o planear uno en caso de que sea necesario. 3. Sistemas de seguimiento: La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno, que requiere la compilacià ³n y estudio de una variedad de indicadores del desempeà ±o, representa un examen general del desempeà ±o recuente de la organizacià ³n en tà ©rminos de los à ­ndices bà ¡scios de desempeà ±o que se hayan identificado como decisivos en el perfil estratà ©gico. Algunos ejemplos son: Flujo de caja, crecimiento, contratacià ³n, tecnologà ­a, operaciones, TIR. 4. Perfil estratà ©gico Es necesario incluir los siguientes 4 factores en el perfil estratà ©gico de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a: El nivel de creatividad Utilizacià ³n previa en la construccià ³n del futuro en forma proactiva Su orientacià ³n hacia la toma de riesgos Su posicià ³n competitiva tà ­pica Cuando la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a se fundamenta en estos factores su perfil estratà ©gico proporciona un contexto para comprender como empezara a ejecutar cualquier plan estratà ©gico. 5. Anà ¡lisis de los recursos: Para hacer este anà ¡lisis se debe hacer la siguiente pregunta:  ¿Cuà ¡les son los recursos actuales del sistema? Debe incluir competencias de personas, vacà ­os a llenar y cà ³mo hacerlo, recursos financieros para el crecimiento y como podrà ­an enfrentarse, etc. 6. Cultura Organizacional:  ¿De quà © manera ayuda o interfiere con la consecucià ³n de su misià ³n? Un mà ©todo para organizar las diversas impresiones de la cultura de la empresa consiste en utilizar el modelo de Harrison y Stokes hay 4 diferentes tipos de cultura organizacional: Cultura del poder Cultura del rol Cultura del logro Cultura del apoyo 7. Herramientas analà ­ticas adicionales: Ciclo de vida Los productos o servicios determinados progresan a travà ©s de una serie de etapas identificadas como un ciclo de vida. Las etapas son surgimiento, crecimiento, madurez y decadencia. Se debe identificar en que etapa del ciclo se encuentra cada LDN y en cual se hallan los productos o servicios clave. Anà ¡lisis de portafolio BCG: Los productos o servicios se catalogan en perro, vaca lechera, signo de interrogacià ³n o nià ±o problema, de acuerdo a las utilidades y volumen de ventas. 9. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: Se deben incluir los siguientes entornos: Entorno industrial: Cliente, disponibilidad MP, mezcla actual de marketing, ciclo de vida de la industria Competitivo: Intensidad de la rivalidad, amenaza de nuevos competidores, poder negociacià ³n de compradores, poder de negociacià ³n de los proveedores, la presià ³n de sustitutos. General: Econà ³mico, social, polà ­tico Especà ­fico: Aspectos no competitivos del entorno industrial, clientes, disponibilidad de materia prima, mezcla de marketing, ciclo de vida de la industria. ANà LISIS FODA: Despuà ©s de desarrollar el plan estratà ©gico, el equipo de planeacià ³n debe avaluar en donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n actualmente con respecto a cada uno de los aspectos. Es decir, se debe hacer una auditoria del desempeà ±o. Esto constituye un esfuerzo para identificar que es y donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n en la actualidad. Implica un estudio profundo y simultà ¡neo, tanto de sus debilidades y fortalezas internas, como de aquellos factores externos, es decir, oportunidades y amenazas que afronta la empresa. Una forma de hacer esta evaluacià ³n es utilizando la herramienta FODA: Fortalezas y debilidades internas: Identificar las debilidades que es necesario manejar o evitar cuando se formule el plan y asà ­ mismo las fortalezas que se pueden aprovechar para lograr el futuro deseado. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe estudiar competidores, proveedores, mercados y clientes, tendencias econà ³micas, condiciones del mercado laboral y reglamentos gubernamentales en todos los niveles que puedan influir en la empresa, en forma negativa o positiva. La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno debe cumplir con 5 à ¡reas clave: El estado de cada uno de las là ­neas de negocio actuales de la organizacià ³n y sus recursos no aprovechados con relacià ³n a cualquier là ­nea de negocio que se pueda agregar. El estado de sus sistemas de seguimiento, es decir, la disponibilidad de los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito identificados en el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio. El perfil estratà ©gico de la organizacià ³n, en especial, sus niveles de creatividad, sus niveles usuales de toma de riesgos y su enfoque de la competencia. Los recursos del sistema para ejecutar las diversas estrategias que la empresa ha escogido a fin de lograr su misià ³n, incluidas su estructura y talento administrativo. Un anà ¡lisis de la cultura organizacional actual, incluida su actual forma de realizar los negocios. FORMULACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN Y LA MISIÓN: Este paso le sigue a la definicià ³n de los valores de la empresa, ya que tanto la misià ³n como la visià ³n deben ser congruentes con los valores establecidos. Una declaracià ³n de la misià ³n dirige la razà ³n de ser fundamental de la empresa y especifica el rol principal que esta va a desempeà ±ar en su entorno. Al formular la declaracià ³n de la misià ³n, una organizacià ³n debe responder 4 preguntas fundamentales:  ¿Quà © funciones desempeà ±a la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a?  ¿Para quià ©n desempeà ±a esta funcià ³n la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a?  ¿Cà ³mo va la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a en el cumplimiento de su funcià ³n?  ¿Por quà © existe la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a? Fuerzas conductoras Otro factor importante que se debe considerar es identificar y dar prioridad a las fuerzas conductoras de la empresa. Hay 8 categorà ­as bà ¡sicas: Productos ofrecidos Mercado atendido Tecnologà ­a Capacidad de produccià ³n a bajo costo Capacidad de operaciones Mà ©todo de distribucià ³n / venta Recursos naturales Utilidad / retorno

Political Speech -- Media

Discursive consciousness encourages politicians to partake in sharing one’s history. It is the speech that is a conversation or discourse between the potential and the intended audience. It is a personal campaign, relating platform to the laity in an effort to gain a true backing. That creates a profile. Through existential coherence, the insinuations of relatedness succor the public and the politician to find common ground, supplying elements of familiarity evoking a relatable and approachable persona. This public image is a configuration of the individual’s history, ideas, beliefs, and purpose, an oratorical resume of sorts. A Narrative of belonging would be displayed in the existential coherence of the campaign. Implications of specific regional qualifications render the potential apropos to the masses. In example [1] candidate Steve Evans, relegates his background, relishing his youth. Action of Narrative belonging entices the voters to identify the candidate as â€Å"one of us†. It is reinforcing the notion that he is not an outsider. Example [2] invites the audience to look into ...

Calamitatum Of The Individual Essay -- essays research papers

In the realm of critical thinking, Abelard undoubtedly ranked highly in his day. He was an expert dialectician, philosopher and theologian, and as a result led a movement towards individual thinking. He traveled a lonely path of individuality, and when his ideas were suppressed, he found different ways to express his individuality. The beginning of his life was marked by extreme personal freedom. As his journey through life continued, he found himself compounded with innumerable restrictions. The role of monk could not change Abelard, and his individuality brought him even greater misfortune. He may forewarn others against the risks of such extreme individualism, but his life clearly shows that Abelard thought his individuality was a natural part of him, a part that was as inseparable as his faith.From the beginning of Abelard's Story of my Calamities he portrays himself as an individual. The as oldest child in his family his life was intended for a military career, but as he tells us, he abandoned Mars for Minerva, denouncing the popular and glorious profession of arms for that of learning. In writing this he shows his clever and distinct way of thinking by referring to dialectic, the art of examining options or ideas logically, as a weapon of war. "I chose the weapons of dialectic to all the other teachings of philosophy, and armed with these I chose the conflicts of disputation instead of the trophies of war." (p. 58, ll. 7-9). This is remarkable for the son of a soldier to make such a choice - even renouncing his inheritance - and pursue only intellectual advancement. Leaving home, he traveled off to school in Paris. He was welcomed for a short while, but soon found disfavor with his teacher Champeaux, the grand master of dialectic at the time, by refuting his arguments and proving himself several times to be the superior in debate. This shows Abelard's superior intellect at a very early age. This is no doubt a major reason for his individuality. One of his intellectual rank finds it hard to conform to others' standards, and naturally becomes a spectacle when showing his skills. This early conflict caused Abelard to leave and start his own school. Unfortunately, he could not maintain it and had to return home.Years later he was teaching in Paris again, he tells us how pupils flocked to him from every country in Europe, a statement which ... ... individual, Abelard titles the school controversial name of "Paraclete" as a way of reemphasizing his beliefs about God, causing enemies to attack him. He is again forced to leave for fear of injury or death.His refusal to conform to the certain norms of society was consistent even when his life was endangered. It comes to the point where he states, "But now Satan has put so many obstacles in my path that I can find nowhere to rest, or even to live; a fugitive and wanderer, I carry every where the curse of Cain" (p.102, ll.15-17). With standing all adversity Abelard proves himself definitely a true individual Through good times and bad, that is maybe his only constant. Even though in closing Abelard says, "This is my experience all the time; a poor monk raised to be an abbot, the more wretched as I have become more wealthy, in order that my example may curb the ambition of those who have deliberately chosen a similar course." (p.104, ll. 18-21), it is painfully clear that the lone path of individuality was the only route for him.Selected WorksBetty Radice, The Letters of Abelard and Heloise. Penguin Books Ltd.: Harmonsworth, Middlesex, England. 1974.

Okalahoma critical analysis Essay -- Drama

Okalahoma critical analysis The original production of Oklahoma opened at the St. James Theatre, New York, on Wednesday March 31, 1943. The top ticket price was $4.80. It ran on Broadway for over five years, besting the previous record holder Hellzapoppin by more than two years. For fifteen years, from 1946 until 1961, Oklahoma held the record as the longest running show in Broadway history. When Okalahoma closed on Broadway May 29, 1948 after 2,212 performances, more than four and a half million people had seen it there. In our expressive arts lesson we watched a section of Okalahoma. As our topic is dreams and nightmares, we watched the section where Laurey has her dream. In a swirl of dream images, Laurey sees herself marrying Curly when Jud invades the wedding; he carries her off, thwarts Curly's attempts to rescue her, and, after a horrific struggle, kills Curly. Laurey awakes from her nightmare with a start...and finds Jud ready to escort her to the Dance. In the beginning of this section we can see Laurey falling to sleep. Then the lights suddenly dim, this shows the audience that we have travelled from reality to her dream. The lighting plays an important part in this musical, as it communicates to the audience Laurey’s mood and feelings. When Laurey is dreaming the light dims to a blue. Then hands appear from the cornfields; they are being lighted up with gold spotlights. She then follows them to a large stage, which is filled up with blur light. In her dream they lighting is calm and cool, and the mood is happy but when it changes into a nightmare the lights suddenly switch red, and makes the atmosphere alarming and unsettling. A spot light is also used on Curley when he enters to dance with Laurey. This can symbolise that he is the one for her, and that he stands out from everyone else. By using a white spotlight shows the audience that he is pure and good. But the spotlights also build a feeling of confusion and distress. This is in her nightmare where the lighting is red and the white spotlights are darting around the stage. This shows the audience Laurey’s feelings towards her nightmare. Music is crucial in her dream as there is no speaking involved, so they music is the only thing that can be heard. In her dream they are playing the song â€Å"oh, what a beautiful morning†. This is played in maj... ...girls they dance in unison, to show they are together and under control. They use lots of turns, and leaps. They also use a lot of ballet movements. This shows the audience a calm, flowing and graceful dream. In the dance with the showgirls, they are all dancing separately with separate movements. They use lots of flexible movements, and balances. This can show the audience that they are separated and unorganised. When she dances the waltz with curly they use lots of lifts, turns and graceful movements, on the other hand when dancing with Judd she is being thrown around and manipulated like a rag doll. This also shows another contrast, which may relate to the contrasts in dreams and nightmares. The musical communicated to the audience her feeling and emotions through other means than verbal communication. They show it mainly through lighting, movement, and music. It relates to dreams and nightmares as is seems rather peculiar. The music seems out of tune and distraught. And strange things and people appear throughout to make the dream seem realistic. This critical analysis will help me to relate to dreams and nightmares throughout my performance without talking.

Kohler Terminal Value

Both approaches (used to come up with the value of the Kohler Company) are greatly impacted by the assumptions made by both the company and the dissenting shareholders. The use of the Market approach has shown that the value of the company varies greatly depending on the comparable companies. If Masco (which is the largest comparable company) is included, the value goes to nearly $3.7 B and excluding it causes the value to go down to $1.2 B. Moreover, depending of the discount for lack of liquidity and control, the value of the company could decrease considerably. Then, in the market approach there are two variables that affect the value of the company; comparable peers and the discount for lack of liquidity and control. In the Free Cash Flow (FCF) approach, the two variables that makes the value diverge is the Beta and the discount (liquidity and control) used. In this specific scenario the Beta impacts the WACC considerably due to the high weight of the cost of equity. For example, a difference of 4 points in the WACC raises the value of the company more than 150% [Table 7]. It is interesting to see that in order to arrive at Kohler’s initial valuation of $58K per share; a 65% discount is needed in both valuation approaches. Also, Masco’s exclusion is required under the Market approach while the high Beta is required under the FCC approach. The factor created by the division of standard deviations of industry peers and the deviations from different markets increases or decreases Beta considerably. (More details about this factor are discussed later in the paper.) Conversely, according to the dissenting shareholders, in order to arrive at $273K per share a 0 % discount and the inclusion of Masco and low Beta is needed. In the settlement, Kohler may use two simple methods to resolve the claim. The first would be a Weight Adjusted Value method, which consists of taking the weighted average of the proposed settlement values times the confidence level. The second method is to calculate the book value of the company using the formula (Assets- Liabilities)/ # of shares (Intangibles are not excluded). The results of these two methods indicate that The Kohler Company should be indifferent between going to trial and settling for $120K per share. Finally, the suggested settlement price should be adjusted to reflect the possibility of an increased tax liability Kohler may have with the IRS. Using a weighted average, the new settlement price is around $150K per share. Company Overview Kohler is a recognized international manufacturer of plumbing products, home furnishings, generators and engines. It also owns and operates hospitality and real estate Businesses. Kohler has been a private company, predominantly owned by the Kohler family since its founding in 1887. Market Approach Because Kohler is privately held the market value needs to be ascertained by the implied value determined by using a multiples approach based on the trading value of Kohler’s comparable industry peers. Table 1 shows the relevant multiples for Kohler’s peer group. Depending on what multiples are used to value Kohler the estimation varies considerably. Table 2 demonstrates the range of these values. If Masco, with it’s generally high multiples, is excluded from the analysis the valuation would be roughly $1.2B. On the other extreme if Kohler’s value is based on Masco’s benchmark, the value leaps to nearly $3.7B. A strict average of the peer group would yield a value of $1.6B. Our best guess of value is closer to $2B based on the peer average being averaged with Masco’s profitability multiples as we feel that the fundamentals of Kohler and Masco are closely matched. These estimates do not include any discounts for the lack of liquidity or control that the shares are characterized by. Table 3 shows the value per share given a $2B market value and various discounts applied. Â   Based on the market multiples approach it appears that Kohler takes a much more conservative approach to not only valuation but to the discounts that should be applied to the stock given his relative illiquidity and lack of controlling stake in the enterprise. From their prospective the value is the historically modest dividend and the long range growth of the business. Given their approximation of a share price of $54,000 that would suggest they excluded Masco as an outlier if they used a multiples approach and they used a discount of nearly 65% on the value of the shares to address their limitations noted previously. This would yield a value of roughly $58,000 per share. The dissenting Kohler shareholders, many of whom acquired shares for north of $100,000 each, have a vested interest in a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be talking one of two approaches in arriving to their $273,000 value per share. The first is that they could also assume a market value of roughly $2B for Kohler, and not acknowledge any need to discount the shares. This would yield an estimate of $274,100 per share. The other approach could be that this estimate was derived from the multiples values using Masco as a fellow industry leader with higher margin products and strong differentiation and acknowledging the need to discount the share value for lack of liquidity and control. Based on the Masco benchmark and a 25% discount the value would be roughly $279,000 per share. Free Cash Flow Approach Kohler’s Free Cash Flow (FCF) model is developed using the Non-Cash Working Capital Approach, a correlated Beta and an EBITA that excludes both interest income and expense. The Non-Cash Working Capital is used because of the consistency each year in Kohler’s forecasted working capital. [Table 4] Secondly, in order to make the FCF model more accurate, a correlation between the company financials and its main competitors is used. Table 5 displays this correlation. The correlation is then multiplied by a factor which is defined by the division of the standard deviation of Kohler’s competitor and the standard deviation of the market (US Equity Market). Lastly, an average of each of these factors is performed and the Kohler’s Beta is found. [Table 5] The Beta in this case significantly affects the Weight Average Cost of Capital (WACC) since the weight of Kohler’s cost of equity is about 82% and the remaining 18 % tied to the cost of debt [Table 6]. The calculated WACC using this beta is 14.19%. If Beta is calculated using a different standard deviation, other than the US Equity Market, the results will vary drastically. For example, using a standard deviation of a highly correlated distribution of stocks that includes 3 kitchen & bath companies and 3 engine & generator companies, the Beta will decrease from 2.67 to 1.52. Then, the new WACC would be 10.40%[Table 5]. Just this difference in Beta would make the per share value of the stock go from $164K to $251K with 0 discount (due to the lack of control and liquidity), and from $ 57K to $ 88K with 65 % discount [Table 7]. Kohler is most likely using a relatively high WACC and high discount to come up with a $58K value per share. As it is shown in Table 8, using a WACC of 14.19% and a discount of 65% for liquidity and control of the stock arrives at $57K per share. On the other hand, the dissenting Kohler shareholders have probably used a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be using a WACC close to 10% and not discount (liquidity and/or control) or a WACC of 8% and 30% discount to arrive at their $273,000 value per share.